Figure 2.

Detection techniques for lipid microarray systems. (A) Fluorescence-based detection uses either fluorophore-tagged proteins or fluorophore-tagged antibodies against target proteins to detect protein–lipid interactions. (B) Chemiluminescence generates signals from HRP-conjugated antibody targeted for lipid-bound proteins. (C) SPR measures changes in the refractive index near a sensor surface. The interaction between the surface immobilized lipid bilayer and the proteins results in a change in the refractive index. (D) TOF-MS method uses laser energy to generate ions, displaying the mass-to-charge values and signal intensities of the proteins that interact with the lipids. (E) AFM equipped with a gold-coated cantilever sensor measures changes in the forces when the proteins interact with the lipids.