Table 2.
Associations between interventions (β, p-value) with change (Δ) in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL, mg/dL) adjusting for Δ sex hormone levels and other factors. Reference group for interventions is placebo arm.
| Lifestyle | Metformin | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HT | Non-HT | HT | Non-HT | |
| Base model* | -7.6 (0.03) | -1.0 (0.74) | -6.9 (0.03) | -0.81 (0.80) |
| Adjusted for Δ sex hormone | Adjusted for Δ 1/fasting insulin and Δ waist circumference | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lifestyle | Metformin | Lifestyle | Metformin | |||||
| HT | Non-HT | HT | Non-HT | HT | Non-HT | HT | Non-HT | |
| ΔSHBG | -6.9 (0.04) | -1.2 (0.72) | -6.8 (0.04) | -1.0 (0.76) | -10.2 (<0.01) | -0.14 (0.97) | -9.4 (<0.01) | -0.56 (0.87) |
| ΔDHEA | -7.5 (0.03) | 0 (1.0) | -6.9 (0.04) | -1.2 (0.73) | -10.5 (<0.01) | 1.0 (0.78) | -9.9 (<0.01) | -0.88 (0.81) |
| Δ Total E2 | -5.7 (0.13) | -1.8 (0.61) | -5.0 (0.16) | -2.1 (0.56) | -8.2 (0.046) | 0 (1.0) | -7.4 (0.04) | -1.4 (0.70) |
| Δ Total T | -7.4 (0.053) | -0.13 (0.97) | -7.0 (0.55) | -0.84 (0.82) | -11.4 (<0.01) | 1.2 (0.76) | -10.1 (<0.01) | 0.03 (0.99) |
*
Includes age, race/ethnicity, follicle stimulating hormone, and cholesterol medication use at 1-year follow-up
Abbreviations: DHEA=dehydroepiandrosterone; E2=estradiol; HT=hormone therapy; SHBG=sex hormone binding globulin; T=testosterone