Calcium oxalate crystal deposition in a patient with Aspergilloma due to Aspergillus niger

Abstract

Discrimination between aspergilloma and chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA) based on radiological findings can difficult. We describe a patient with aspergilloma and organizing pneumonia that was possibly caused by Aspergillus niger infection and radiologically mimicked CNPA. A postmortem histological analysis showed diffuse alveolar damage that had originated in peri-cavitary lung parenchyma. Calcium oxalate or Aspergillus niger was located inside, but not outside the cavity in the right upper lobe. Calcium oxalate or other unknown hyphal bioactive components might provoke severe lung inflammation not only adjacent to the cavity, but also on the contralateral side.

Introduction

The presence of calcium oxalate and black deposits in lung parenchyma is considered as evidence of Aspergillus niger infection (1,2). Here, we describe a patient with aspergilloma due to A. niger infection in whom rapidly deteriorating respiratory failure was accompanied by bacterial infection and pathological findings of black deposits characteristic of calcium oxalate.

Case report

A 72-year-old man was transferred to our hospital with hemoptysis that had persisted for 2 weeks. His medical history included total gastrectomy for gastric cancer 8 years previously. Nine months before arrival at our hospital, thoracic computed tomography (CT) during a routine medical checkup showed old inflammatory and cystic changes in the right upper lung lobe (Figure 1A,B), but not in the lower lung lobes (Figure 1C). The patient had been in his usual state of health until 1 month before admission, when he had presented with low-grade fever and productive cough. A chest X-ray showed dense infiltration in the right upper lung field (data not shown). Right upper pneumonia was tentatively diagnosed and he was administered with oral levofloxacin (500 mg/day) and clarithromycin (400 mg/day). No signs of either clinical or radiological improvement were evident after 1 week. At the same time, thoracic CT (Figure 1D,E) revealed a 2.5-cm lesion resembling a fungal ball with air space consolidation in the right upper lobe (Figure 1F). He was thus diagnosed with pulmonary aspergilloma or chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA) and oral itraconazole (200 mg/day) and intravenous micafungin (150 mg/day) were administered. However, this strategy did not affect his respiratory status and the appearance of hemoptysis prompted admission to a local hospital. Although sputum cultures were negative for fungi and bacteria including acid-fast strains, alternative intensive treatments targeting Aspergillus infection (aspergilloma or CNPA) or bacterial pneumonia were started with intravenous liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMPHB) (5 mg/kg/day) plus meropenem (3 g/day). However, his respiratory status deteriorated over the next 2 weeks, and he was transferred to our hospital.

Figure 1.

Thoracic CT 9 months (A, B, C) and 3 weeks (D, E, F) before arrival at our hospital and upon admission (G, H, I). Old inflammatory and cystic changes in right upper lobe (A and B); Fungal, ball-like lesion 2.5 cm in diameter with air space consolidation in right upper lobe (D and E) and mild consolidation in right lower lobe (F); Right lung (G) and left middle lobe (H) are replaced by massive consolidation with air and bilateral pleural effusion is evident (I).

He appeared very ill upon arrival, with a blood pressure of 92/48 mmHg, respiratory rate of 30 breaths/min, body temperature of 38 °C, pulse rate of 56/min and oxygen saturation of 95% with a face mask delivering 5 L/min. A physical examination revealed conjunctival anemia, decreased breath sounds all over the right lung and coarse crackles in the left middle to bilateral lower lung fields. Laboratory data showed anemia (8.7 mg/dL), severe thrombocytopenia (4.2×10⁴/L), anti-Aspergillus antibody and elevated C-reactive protein (16.7 mg/dL), but two sets of blood cultures, serum endotoxin antigen, galactomannan and β-D-glucan were negative. Thoracic CT imaging and bronchography upon admission (Figure 1G,H,I) showed that the right lung and left middle lobe were replaced by a massive consolidation and bilateral pleural effusion. Despite continued L-AMPHB and meropenem, the patient died of progressive respiratory failure on hospital day 2.

Autopsy specimens showed a cavity of 5 cm in diameter in the right upper lobe containing 2.5 cm of dark brown putrid material (Figure 2A, arrow). Grocott’s methenamine silver stain showing abundant branched filamentous hyphae (Figure 2B) suggested Aspergillus infection. However, odorous materials within a confined space were only cultured for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae. Furthermore, the cavity tightly adhered to the pleura and cultures of the right pleural effusion were also positive for P. aeruginosa, implicating parapneumonic effusion. Hematoxylin and eosin (H-E) stain did not reveal hyphal invasion in contiguous lung parenchyma, vessels and cavitary walls, which rather suggested aspergilloma, but not CNPA. Importantly, the cavitary wall contained numerous inflammatory cells (Figure 2C,D, double asterisks) without hyphal invasion, and H-E stain of residual necrotic tissue in the cavity (Figure 2D, asterisk) containing a black pigment (Figure 2D, arrow). Birefringent calcium oxalate was located adjacent to black deposits on partially crossed polaroids (Figure 2E). The calcium oxalate was clearer on fully crossed polaroids (Figure 2F). Interestingly, small amount of calcium oxalate was also noted in the left lung parenchyma (Figure not shown), which suggesting of transbronchial spread. Thereafter, the polymerase chain reaction showed that fungal ball specimens were positive for A. niger. The patient was thus diagnosed with aspergilloma due to A. niger and cavitary co-infection with P. aeruginosa or meropenem-sensitive Enterobacter cloacae.

Figure 2.

Gross appearance and staining of resected specimens. Cut surface of resected specimens shows 5-cm cavity (A) in right upper lobe containing abundant branched filamentous hyphae (B) on Grocott’s methenamine silver stain. Cavitary wall contains numerous inflammatory cells (C and D, double asterisks) without hyphal invasion, and H-E stain of residual cavitary necrotic tissue (D, asterisk) containing black pigment (D, arrow) as well as birefringent calcium oxalate adjacent to black deposits on partly crossed polaroids (E). Calcium oxalate is more obvious on fully crossed polaroids (F).

A pathological evaluation showed lung abscesses with organizing pneumonia in lung parenchyma surrounding the cavity in the right upper (Figure 3A, asterisk) and middle lobes (Figure 3A, double asterisks and B). Hyaline membranes and interstitial fibroblast proliferation were evident in the right lower lobe (Figure 3A, arrow), suggesting diffuse alveolar damage at the organizing stage (Figure 3C). This pathological feature was similar to that of the left lingular segment (data not shown). No calcium oxalate was detected in the left lingular segment and bacterial infection was not evident elsewhere in the lung parenchyma except for cavitary materials.

Figure 3.

Panoramic view of right whole lung. Lung abscess with organizing pneumonia showed in right upper lobe (A, asterisk) and middle lobe (A, double asterisks). H-E stain shows abscess with massive fibrin deposits and inflammatory exudate in alveolar area (B). Hyaline membranes and interstitial fibroblast proliferation at right lower lobe (A, arrow) are compatible with diffuse alveolar damage at organizing stage (C).

Discussion

Wehmer first described oxalic acid as a fermentation product of A. niger 1981 (3). Both A. niger and A. fumigatus produce oxalic acid, which precipitates as calcium oxalate by reacting with tissue fluids or blood (4). Oxalic acid is toxic and can damage localized tissue and/or blood vessels. Although calcium oxalate is not always detected in patients with Aspergillus infection (3), its presence is considered a characteristic of A. niger infection (5), and black pigment and calcium oxalate crystals can be easily identified in routine sputum examinations (6). However, the heaviest deposits in our patient were found within cavitary material located in an area where A. niger was undetectable. A. niger has large, globose, dark brown-to-black conidial heads that contain fungal spores, which accounts for the black sputum and pleural effusions of infected patients (7). The conidia of black Aspergillus species have brown and green pigments that absorb light across the entire visible spectrum. However, the precursor of the low-molecular-weight brown melanin pigment has not been characterized in detail (8). Scattered black pigments corresponded to conidial heads in cavitary material located in an area adjacent to calcium oxalate in our patient. Nime et al. (3) found black-pigmented A. niger conidial structures mainly adjacent to mycelia or calcium oxalate, but each could be separately located (3,9), as found in our patient. The radiological findings of our patient seemed to indicate a transitional phase from aspergilloma to CNPA (semi-invasive aspergillosis), but Aspergillus spp. were not cultured from the fungal ball material obtained from the cavity. Concurrent positive and negative antigen findings are common in CNPA as well as in aspergilloma.

Others have shown that A. niger can produce extracellular lipase in vitro under low pH (10), which is generated by the presence of calcium oxalate. Yoshida (9) created an immune-compromised rat model using immunosuppressive drugs and A. niger infection delivered via intratracheal inoculation. That study indicated that lung injury was probably caused by crystal production, rather than by direct A. niger invasion. A. niger, and to a lesser degree other Aspergillus species, release oxalic acid as a mycotoxin, which is formed as a side product of the tricarboxylic cycle by enzymatic hydrolysis of oxaloacetate by ocaloacetate acetylhydrolase. Previous report (11) described that Aspergillus-induced calcium oxalate crystal deposition can cause massive pulmonary hemorrhage and subsequent multiple organ failure with no evidence of tissue or blood vessel invasion by A. niger mycelia, which confined to cavity. Thus, calcium oxalate might have provoked severe inflammation of the lung parenchyma adjacent to the cavity, even after hyphae were killed or rendered less active by antifungal therapy. Thus, identification of calcium oxalate and black pigments in pathological specimens of the lungs and other organs could be pivotal clinical clues indicating infection with A. niger (12).

How organizing pneumonia is generated in patients with Aspergillus infection remains unknown, but a few studies of semi-invasive pulmonary aspergillosis have found that organizing pneumonia can develop in areas without hyphae (13,14). Most Aspergillus infections are attributed to Aspergillus fumigatus, followed by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus terreus. A. niger is a less common etiology of invasive disease, and it rarely causes pneumonia (13). From this viewpoint, P. aeruginosa or Enterobacter cloacae might have caused the respiratory failure in our patient, but serum endotoxin was not elevated, the results of two sets of blood cultures were negative, and no other organs had features typical of bacterial infection such as microabscesses, thrombosis, and infarction, suggesting that A. niger was the cause.

This experience highlighted the difficulty and/or dilemma involved in diagnosing pulmonary aspergillosis because only surgical resection can provide a definitive diagnosis, and the presence of calcium oxalate and black deposits in a pathological assessment indicate A. niger infection. The findings from this patient showed that in addition to calcium oxalate, an unknown somatic antigen of A. niger might also cause severe lung inflammation adjacent to an aspergilloma or other lung areas presenting as organizing pneumonia or diffuse alveolar damage even in patients with essentially normal or previously compromised immune status.