Table 1. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes, and adipokine and inflammatory biomarker circulating levels in case and control women at baseline.
| Characteristics na | Control 1081 | Case 1012 | p values |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Demographic and anthropometric | |||
| Ageb (years) | 55.8 (7.0) | 56.1 (7.0) | 0.41 |
| BMIb (kg/m2) | 26.3 (6.0) | 30.1 (5.4) | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 78.0 (11.7) | 87.7 (12.0) | <0.0001 |
| Physical activity (MET/week) | 15.5 (25.1) | 12.2 (15.0) | 0.0002 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 22.8 | 45.5 | <0.0001 |
| Current smoking (%) | 12.4 | 13.4 | 0.48 |
| Post-menopausa l (%) | 60.6 | 62.7 | 0.31 |
| Current post-menopausal hormone use (%) | 36.8 | 28.9 | 0.0001 |
|
| |||
| Dietary intake | |||
| Cereal fibre (g/day) | 4.95 (2.58) | 4.55 (2.18) | 0.0001 |
| Glycaemic load | 102.0 (17.8) | 102.2 (16.1) | 0.85 |
| Trans fatty acid (g/day) | 2.54 (0.83) | 2.64 (0.83) | 0.006 |
| Polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acids ratio | 0.57 (0.18) | 0.56 (0.15) | 0.05 |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 306.2 (70.5) | 297.1 (62.7) | 0.002 |
| Caffeine (mg/day) | 256.9 (197.0) | 236.1 (184.1) | 0.01 |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 5.62 (9.07) | 3.40 (7.15) | <0.0001 |
| Total energy intake (kJ/day) | 7409 (1957) | 7651 (2119) | 0.007 |
|
| |||
| Biomarkers circulating levels | |||
| IL-18 (pg/ml) | 264.1 (142.8) | 323.2 (179.1) | <0.0001 |
| HMW adiponectin (μg/ml) | 6.62 (5.53) | 3.59 (3.62) | <0.0001 |
| Resistin (ng/ml) | 15.27 (9.85) | 16.35 (11.16) | <0.0001 |
| CRP (nmol/L) | 1.52 (2.57) | 3.52 (4.00) | <0.0001 |
| TNFa-R2 (pg/ml) | 2407.5 (887.2) | 2646.5 (968.7) | <0.0001 |
| IL-6 (ng/ml) | 1.92 (1.51) | 2.39 (1.82) | <0.0001 |
Values are expressed as mean (SD), % or (for biomarkers) median (interquartile range)
Case and control participants' characteristics were compared using χ2 test (for percentages), t test (for means) or Wilcoxon's rank-sum test (for medians)
a
n=number in the sample except for: waist circumference 761 control, 621 case participants; physical activity 1066 control, 1001 case participants; postmenopausal hormone use 1072 control, 995 case participants; dietary intake 1072 control, 1002 case participants; TNFa-R2 598 control, 690 case participants; IL-6 577 control, 667 case participants; and CRP, 584 control, 680 case participants
b
Matching factor