Abstract
A feasible “NOSE” (nanoparticles-catalyzed organic synthesis enhancement) protocol has been developed for N,N-diformylation of bisuracil derivatives using nano-Al2O3 rods as an efficient, inexpensive, and recyclable catalyst under solvent-free reaction condition at 40°C. The catalyst was reused up to the 4th cycle without affecting the rate and yield of the N,N-diformylation products appreciably.
1. Introduction
The exercise of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles as a frontier between the homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis [1] in organic synthesis has invoked tremendous interests [2] in the recent times. The interesting features inherited with these small particle sizes are their large surface area along with more edges and corners and distinct electronic, optical, magnetic, thermal, and chemical properties [3–5]. The crucial role of nanoparticles in organic transformations is their excellent catalytic activity, straightforward recoverability, better selectivity, criteria of evolution, and their versatile role in green chemistry [6–10]. Thus, the domain of metal nanoparticle catalysis [11–13] should offer opportunities for mining new chemical reactions [14–16] which include the synthesis of biologically important and synthetically challenging natural products. In the context of green chemistry [17], organic synthesis in solvent-free reaction condition [18–21] has occupied a significant position in the recent years since solvent-free reaction condition involves the best reaction medium with “no medium” [22].
One of the key motifs present in the biopolymer RNA [23–26] is uracil, a nucleobase of the pyrimidine family which participates in various functions in our life processes [27]. Uracil derivatives also have several potent medicinal properties such as bronchodilators and anticancer [28, 29], antiallergic [30, 31], antiviral [32, 33], antihypertensive, and adenosine receptor antagonists [34, 35]. Recently, our research group reported a greener protocol for the synthesis of bisuracil derivatives [36]. Bisuracil and their analogues have also been isolated from marine sea hare Dolabella auricularia [37]. Some of the N-substituted bisuracil analogues have been screened for bioactivities against several diseases [38].
To explore the possible applications of the metal/metal oxide nanoparticles in organic synthesis, we have been focusing on the advancement of a protocol termed “NOSE” (nanoparticles-catalyzed organic synthesis enhancement) [39–41] chemistry in our laboratory. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no report on nano-rod-shaped Al2O3 catalyzed N,N-diformylation of bisuracil derivatives. Recently, we reported N-formylation of amines catalyzed by nano-Al2O3 under solvent-free reaction condition [39]. This work inspired us to focus on nano-Al2O3 catalysis for the N,N-diformylation of bisuracil analogous. Therefore, in this paper, we wish to account for the same (Scheme 1).
Scheme 1.
N,N-diformylation of bisuracil derivatives 1(a–k).
Nano-Al2O3 draws our attention due to its crystalline size and shape, abrasive and insulating properties, less toxicity, large surface area, basic surface characteristics, high resistant towards bases and acids and excellent wear resistance [40–44].
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. General Experimental Methods
Rod-shaped nano-Al2O3 (the average particle diameter is 8.12 nm and average length 25.5 nm, S BET = 185.63 m2 g−1, ρ = 3.98 g cm−3, and purity is 99.99%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and used as received. The chemicals and reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Merck, M/S S.D. Fine Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., and Loba Chemie, and used without further purification. The XRD pattern was recorded with Rigaku X-ray diffractometer. Melting points were determined in a Büchi 504 apparatus. IR spectra were recorded as KBr pallets in a Nicolet (Impact 410) FT-IR spectrophotometer. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded in a 400 MHz NMR spectrophotometer (JEOL, JNM ECS) using tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard, and coupling constants are expressed in Hertz. Elemental analyses were carried out in a Perkin-Elmer CHN analyser (2400 series II). Mass spectra were recorded with a Waters Q-TOF Premier and an Acquity UPLC spectrometer. Visualization was accomplished with UV lamp or I2 stain. Reactions were monitored by thin-layer chromatography using aluminium sheets with silica gel 60 F254 (Merck).
2.2. General Procedure for N,N-Diformylation of Bisuracil Derivatives
In a two-neck round bottom flask (50 mL), nanorod-shaped basic Al2O3 (7.0 mol%, 7.12 mg) were taken, and then 1g (1.0 mmol, 414 mg) and formic acid (98%, 6.0 mmol, 0.23 mL) were added. After that, it was allowed to stir on a pre heated oil bath at 40°C for the required time (the progress of the reaction was judged by TLC). The reaction mixture was brought to room temperature after its completion, and ethyl acetate (3 × 10 mL) was added and then centrifuged (3,000 r.p.m) to recover the nanocatalyst. Having done this, the reaction mixture was washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and concentrated in a rotary evaporator, and finally the crude product was purified by column chromatography (30% ethyl acetate: hexane as an eluent). The recovered catalyst was washed with hot ethanol (3 × 10 mL) to remove the organic impurities, decanted, dried in an oven at 80°C for 6 h, and reused for evaluating the performance in the next run in the reaction as shown in Scheme 2.
Scheme 2.
Optimization of reaction condition.
3. Results and Discussion
With the previously reported catalyst characterizations in hand [39], to begin with, reaction of 6,6′-diamino-1,1′,3,3′-tetramethyl-5,5′-(benzylidene)bis[pyrimidine-2,4 (1H, 3H)-dione] [36] (1a, 1 mmol) with formic acid (6 mmol) was chosen as the model reaction (Scheme 2).
The optimization of the various parameters of this reaction is elaborated in Table 1. Initially, the reaction was carried out without using catalyst under solvent-free reaction condition at 40°C and 80°C which did not yield any product (Table 1, entries 1 and 2). Various solvents were also tested under the mentioned condition, but they all failed (Table 1, entries 3–11) to provide any product. These negative results suggested that we look for an effective catalyst in the present study. Next, various Lewis acid-base catalysts (Table 1, entries 12–14) along with the nanocatalysts (Table 1, entries 15–18) were surveyed to observe the influence on rate and yield of N,N-diformylation of 1a which were not fruitful. Interestingly, nanorod-shaped basic Al2O3 stood out as a choice of catalyst at 7 mol% loading (Table 1, entry 15) under solvent-free reaction condition at 40°C. During the course of our experiment, we observed that at higher temperature (Table 1, entry 19) and at lower/higher catalyst loading the yield of the products was poor (Table 1, entries 20–22). Thus, the yield of N,N-diformylation product of bisuracil derivatives is highly dependent upon the temperature and catalyst loading.
Table 1.
Optimization of the reaction conditions for the N,N-diformylation of 1a (Scheme 1).
| Entry | Catalyst | Solvent | Temp. (°C) | Time (h) | Yield (%)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | None | Solvent-free | 40 | 9 | NRc |
| 2 | None | Solvent-free | 80 | 9 | NRc |
| 3 | None | H2O | 40 | 12 | NRc |
| 4 | None | CH3CN | 40 | 12 | NRc |
| 5 | None | MeOH | 40 | 12 | NRc |
| 6 | None | EtOH | 40 | 12 | NRc |
| 7 | None | THF | 40 | 12 | NRc |
| 8 | None | Toluene | 40 | 12 | NRc |
| 9 | None | DMSO | 40 | 12 | NRc |
| 10 | None | Xylene | 40 | 12 | NRc |
| 11 | None | DMF | 40 | 12 | NRc |
| 12d | K2CO3 | Solvent-free | 40 | 12 | NRc |
| 13d | PPh3 | Solvent-free | 40 | 12 | NRc |
| 14d | Imidazole | Solvent-free | 40 | 10 | Trace |
| 15d | Nano-Al2O3 i | Solvent-free | 40 | 45 min | 70 |
| 16d | Nano-MgOj | Solvent-free | 40 | 3 | 34 |
| 17d | Nano-Fe2O3 k | Solvent-free | 40 | 5 | 12 |
| 18d | Nano-TiO2 l | Solvent-free | 40 | 4 | 8 |
| 19d | Nano-Al2O3 i | Solvent-free | 80 | 2 | 43 |
| 20e | Nano-Al2O3 i | Solvent-free | 40 | 3 | 25 |
| 21f | Nano-Al2O3 i | Solvent-free | 40 | 4 | 17 |
| 22g | Nano-Al2O3 i | Solvent-free | 40 | 6 | 8 |
aReaction conditions: bisuracil 1a (1 mmol, 0.454 g), formic acid (6 mmol, 0.66 mL), and solvent (5 mL). bIsolated yields. cNo reaction was observed. d7 mol% catalyst was used. e5 mol% catalyst was used. f3 mol% catalyst was used. g10 mol% catalyst was used. h1 mol% catalyst was used. iParticles size (17.4–16.4 nm). jParticles size (<50 nm). kParticles size (12 nm). lParticles size (<80 nm).
With this supportive optimized reaction condition in hand, a series of bisuracil derivatives (entries 1–11) bearing different aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic moieties were examined to explore the scope and limitations of this reaction and the outcomes are presented in Table 2. It is clear from Table 2 that bisuracil derivatives carrying both electron donating and electron withdrawing groups in benzene ring underwent N,N-diformylation reaction smoothly producing good yields (Table 2, entries 1–8). However, longer reaction time was required for bisuracil derivatives substituted with furan and alkyl groups (Table 2, entries 9–11). It is worth mentioning that 6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil when treated with formic acid under the current condition gave N,N-diformylation product in lower yield (26%, 9 h). The reactions were found to be clean, and no side products were formed.
Table 2.
Nano-Al2O3 catalyzed N,N-diformylation of uracil and bisuracil derivatives.
| Entry | “R” in 1 | Product 2 | Time (min) | Yield (%)a,b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | C6H5(1a) | 2a | 45 | 70 |
| 2 | p-OMeC6H4 (1b) | 2b | 60 | 68 |
| 3 | p-ClC6H4 (1c) | 2c | 75 | 58 |
| 4 | p-OHC6H4 (1d) | 2d | 90 | 55 |
| 5 | p-NO2C6H4 (1e) | 2e | 90 | 52 |
| 6 | p-MeC6H4 (1f) | 2f | 70 | 60 |
| 7 | o-OHC6H4 (1g) | 2g | 100 | 52 |
| 8 | m-NO2C6H4 (1h) | 2h | 90 | 65 |
| 9 | CH3 (1i) | 2i | 100 | 52 |
| 10 | CH3(CH2)3(1j) | 2j | 120 | 44 |
| 11 | 2-furyl (1k) | 2k | 150 | 57 |
a6 mmol of formic acid was used. bIsolated yield. cProducts were characterized by IR and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy, MS, and also melting points.
To test the recyclability (vide Scheme 2) of nano-Al2O3, it was separated from the reaction mixture by adding ethyl acetate (10 mL), centrifuged at 3,000 rpm, to pellet out the catalyst. The separated particles were washed with hot ethanol (3 × 10 mL) to remove the organic impurities, decanted, dried in an oven at 80°C for 6 h, and reused for further reactions. The efficiency of the catalyst was found to be unaffected up to 4th run, and after that, its action started to decrease as shown in Table 3. The TONs were also retained from fresh up to the 5th cycle, and after that it decreased considerably.
Table 3.
Recycling study of nano-Al2O3.
| Entry | No. of cycles | Time (min) | Yield (%)b | TONs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fresh | 45 | 70 | 88 |
| 2 | 1st run | 45 | 70 | 88 |
| 3 | 2nd run | 45 | 70 | 88 |
| 4 | 3rd run | 45 | 70 | 88 |
| 5 | 4th run | 45 | 70 | 88 |
| 6 | 5th run | 60 | 58 | 76 |
| 7 | 6th run | 180 | 40 | 70 |
aReaction conditions: 2 mmol of 2b, 12 mmol formic acid, and 7 mol% basic nano-Al2O3, 40°C. bYields refer to the isolated pure products.
The recovered catalyst was also investigated through powder XRD and it was compared with the fresh nano-Al2O3 (Figure 1). In the powder XRD of the recovered catalyst after 6th run (Figure 1), the intensity of the peaks (4 0 0) and (1 0 0) weakened and became broad. It might be due to the blockage of the pores of the catalyst which caused a decrease in effective active sites and also due to the dislocation of the crystal planes after each run which in turn decreased the yield.
Figure 1.
Comparison of XRD of fresh nano-Al2O3 with the recovered ones.
The SEM micrograph of the fresh nano-Al2O3 previously reported by us [39] was also compared with the recycled one (Figure 2) under the present study. As indicated in Figure 2, the recycled nano-Al2O3 revealed the aggregation of the particles responsible for reducing its surface area and hence deactivated the catalyst after 4th run which caused the lower yield of product.
Figure 2.
SEM image of recovered nano-Al2O3 after 4th run.
4. Conclusions
In conclusion, we have demonstrated a novel method for synthesis the N,N-diformylation of bisuracil derivatives in good yield under solvent-free reaction condition at 40°C catalyzed by recyclable nano-Al2O3 rods. Nano-Al2O3 catalyzed organic transformations are less explored. We believe that this work would find wide applications for new chemical transformations, including those which enable the synthesis of complex natural products and derivatives.
Supplementary Material
Physical and Spectroscopic Data of compounds (2a-2k):
The physical and spectroscopic data of the synthesized N,N-diformylation products (2a-2k)
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare no financial conflict of interests.
Acknowledgments
Vijay K. Das thanks UGC for a Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship given to him. The authors would also like to acknowledge Mr. Prakash Kurmi, Department of Physics, Tezpur University, for carrying out XRD studies and fruitful discussions.
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Associated Data
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Supplementary Materials
Physical and Spectroscopic Data of compounds (2a-2k):
The physical and spectroscopic data of the synthesized N,N-diformylation products (2a-2k)