Growth kinetics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis measured by quantitative resazurin reduction assay: a tool for fitness studies

Abstract

We standardized a method to evaluate the growth kinetics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by measuring quantitatively the reduction of resazurin by spectrophotometry. Growth curves and the rate of growth of twenty-one M. tuberculosis clinical isolates were determined. The method showed technical simplicity and is inexpensive to assess the fitness of each isolate.

Determination of growth kinetics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has wide applications in tuberculosis research. It has been useful in assessing and comparing the fitness of the bacteria in cases of: environmental stress (16), alterations in gene regulation (15) and the presence of gene mutations associated with drug resistance (5, 14).

The fact that M. tuberculosis has a slow growth rate and the tendency to form clumps when grown in liquid media, makes it more difficult to study mycobacterial growth by methods commonly used for other bacteria (4). The standard plate count method of viable cells is laborious, time consuming and requires at least 3 weeks to give results and frequently fails due to either contamination or dehydratation of the medium during the long incubation period (3). Turbidity measurement has limited value and works best for well-dispersed cultures containing detergents (7). On the other hand, methods such as the BACTEC radiometric system and the mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT 960^TM) are faster and sensitive (2, 8) but require expensive equipment and they are inflexible since they depend on a single pre-packaged growth media (11, 17).

In the present study we set up a method to determine the growth kinetic of M. tuberculosis by measuring quantitatively the reduction of resazurin by spectrophotometry. Resazurin is a redox indicator dye that is reduced to resorufin by metabolically active cells (1). There is a direct correlation between the reduction of resazurin in the growth medium and the quantity/proliferation of live organisms (9). In M. tuberculosis, resazurin has been used successfully to test the susceptibility of active and dormant bacilli to anti-tuberculosis drugs by the resazurin microtiter assay (REMA) plate (6, 10, 13). Reduction of resazurin can be measured using a spectrophotometer due to its change in colour from blue (oxidized form) to pink (reduced form) (18).

In the present study we propose the use of the REMA format by measuring the optical density (OD) daily with a plate reader. Growth curves were constructed based on the daily differences in the OD values obtained.

In order to standardize the method we compared the growth curve obtained by REMA (REMA-GC) method with the MGIT960^TM system. Five strains, including the reference strain H37Rv, of the Institute of Tropical Medicine strain collection were freshly sub-cultured on Löwenstein-Jensen medium and kept for 3 weeks. An inoculum was prepared at a turbidity of a McFarland tube No.0.5 in ultra pure water and further diluted 1:10 in Middlebrook 7H9 broth supplemented with 0.1% casitone, 0.5% glycerol, and 10% OADC (oleic acid, albumin, dextrose and catalase) (Becton-Dickinson, USA). Resazurin sodium salt powder (Acros Organic NV, Belgium) was prepared at 0.02% (wt/vol) in distilled water, sterilized by filtration and stored at 4 ºC in the dark. The REMA method was performed in a sterile flat-bottom 96-well plate to which was added: 200 µL of sterile distilled water in all peripheral wells, 200 µL of 7H9 medium containing 10% OADC in three wells (negative control) and 100 µL of 7H9 with OADC + 100 µL of the inoculum of each strain in another three wells. The plate was closed with its lid, put in sealed plastic bags and incubated at 37ºC. After 48 hours, 30 µL of 0.02% resazurin was added to the wells. The plate was re-incubated at 37 ºC and every 24 hours the OD of each well was measured using a plate reader (Biotrak II Visible Plate) at a wavelength of 620 nm. Resazurin is blue and the OD decreases according to the change in colour to pink due to the bacterial metabolism. In order to establish the growth curves, the difference in OD between the average of three wells of the inoculated and the control (uninoculated wells) was plotted versus the time of incubation. The fitness of each strain was estimated by two parameters obtained from the growth curves: the length of the lag phase and the rate of growth. The length of lag phase was determined from the time of starting the incubation until reaching an OD of 0.2 and the rate of growth was the time needed by each strain to reach an OD of 0.4 starting at an OD of 0.2. This time was calculated from the growth curve considering that all strains were in the logarithmic phase of growth between the two OD values.

The determination of growth curve using the MGIT960^TM was adapted from a method previously reported (14). One hundred µl of the same inoculum used in the REMA-GC method was added, in triplicate, into BBL MGIT^TM Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tubes supplemented with 10 % MGIT960 SIRE^TM Supplement (BD, USA). The tubes were maintained at 37 ºC in the MGIT960^TM automated system. Growth curves were obtained by monitoring and recording the growth units (GU) every hour using the BD EpiCenter^TM software. The length of lag phase was determined from the time of starting the incubation until reaching a reading of 10 GU and the rate of growth was determined by the time in hours for a strain to increase from 5,000 to 10,000 GU in the MGIT960^TM system.

Table 1 shows the results of the length of lag phase and rate of growth obtained by the two methods MGIT960^TM and REMA-GC. The average of the length of lag phase was 133.4 h and 87.2 h for MGIT960^TM and REMA-GC respectively. A shorter length time measured by REMA-GC in comparison to MGIT960^TM is probably be due to the higher concentration of the inoculum, since the same inoculum was added in a final volume of 230 µL in a well used in the REMA-GC and 7900 µL in a tube used in MGIT960^TM. In both methods, the strain 03-265 presented the longest lag phase and it could be differentiated from the other strains. In case of the rate of growth, the strain 03-850 presented the fastest rate in both methods; however, it was only significantly faster then the other strains by REMA-GC method. The strain 01-2522 presented the major difference between the two methods. It had the fastest rate by MGIT960 ^TM and the slowest by REMA-GC, but the rate of growth remained within the confidence interval for both methods.

Table 1.

Values of the length of lag phase and rate of growth obtained by MGIT960™ and REMA plate methods

	Length of lag phase (h)		Rate of growth (h)
	MGIT960™	REMA	MGIT960™	REMA
H37Rv	125	68	19	20
01-2522	123	75	15	27
02-2761	125	73	20	25
03-850	131	65	15	17*
03-265	163*	155*	21	24
Average	133.4	87.2	18.0	22.6
99% CI	114 - 153	43-131	15-21	18-27

^*Strains with value out of the confidence interval

A new study with 21 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates were performed by REMA-GC method. These strains originated from the Laboratory of Mycobacteria at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande in Rio Grande, Brazil. The profile of resistance to the first-line drugs (rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol and streptomycin) was determined by nitrate reductase assay (12). One strain (06-235) was found multidrug-resistant (MDR), that is, resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid. Growth curves of the isolates were obtained through the methodology described above, however the plate reader used was TECAN Spectrum Classic. Figure 1 shows the values of the rate of growth for all 21 clinical isolates. The MDR isolate (06-235) presented the slowest rate of growth. Considering that the MDR isolate presented a lower reproductive efficiency; thus, it would be possible to assume that it could be less widely transmitted than the drug susceptible strains. This finding seems to correspond with the situation found in the city of Rio Grande, where the isolate 06-235 is the only MDR found among 181 clinical isolates obtained from 2006 to 2009 in the national TB control program (data not shown). However, the continuous monitoring of the susceptibility profile of new clinical isolates will allow confirming our finding.

Figure 1.

Rate of growth of each M. tuberculosis clinical isolates. * Strain MDR 06-235 presented the slowest rate of growth among the 21 clinical isolates.

In summary we have standardized a simple, rapid and inexpensive method for the measurement of mycobacterial growth and its metabolism. This method showed its usefulness in assessing the fitness of mycobacteria and could be helpful in studies to understand the spreading capacity of M. tuberculosis isolate in a determined population.