Skip to main content
Bacteriological Reviews logoLink to Bacteriological Reviews
. 1971 Dec;35(4):390–429. doi: 10.1128/br.35.4.390-429.1971

The gnotobiotic animal as a tool in the study of host microbial relationships.

H A Gordon, L Pesti
PMCID: PMC378408  PMID: 4945725

Full text

PDF
390

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. ABRAMS G. D., BAUER H., SPRINZ H. Influence of the normal flora on mucosal morphology and cellular renewal in the ileum. A comparison of germ-free and conventional mice. Lab Invest. 1963 Mar;12:355–364. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. AMUNDSEN E., GUSTAFSSON B. E. Results of experimental intestinal strangulation obstruction in germfree rats. J Exp Med. 1963 May 1;117:823–832. doi: 10.1084/jem.117.5.823. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. ARNASON B. G., SALOMON J. C., GRABAR P. ANTICORPS ANTIFOIE ET IMMUNOGLOBULINES S'ERIQUES CHEZ LES SOURIS CLASSIQUES ET AX'ENIQUES; 'ETUDE COMPARATIVE APR'ES N'ECROSE H'EPATIQUE AIGUUE PROVOQU'EE PAR LE T'ETRACHLORURE DE CARBONE (CCL4) C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci. 1964 Dec 21;259:4882–4885. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Abrams G. D., Bishop J. E. Effect of the normal microbial flora on gastrointestinal motility. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1967 Oct;126(1):301–304. doi: 10.3181/00379727-126-32430. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Abrams G. D., Bishop J. E. Effect of the normal microbial flora on the resistance of the small intestine to infection. J Bacteriol. 1966 Dec;92(6):1604–1608. doi: 10.1128/jb.92.6.1604-1608.1966. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Asano T. Anion concentration in cecal content of germ-free and conventional mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1969 Sep;131(4):1201–1205. doi: 10.3181/00379727-131-34070. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Asano T. Inorganic ions in cecal content of gnotobiotic rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1967 Feb;124(2):424–430. doi: 10.3181/00379727-124-31756. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Asano T. Modification of cecal size in germfree rats by long-term feeding of anion exchange resin. Am J Physiol. 1969 Oct;217(4):911–918. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1969.217.4.911. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Ashe W. K., Scherp H. W., Fitzgerald R. J. Previously unrecognized virus from submaxillary glands of gnotobiotic and conventional rats. J Bacteriol. 1965 Dec;90(6):1719–1729. doi: 10.1128/jb.90.6.1719-1729.1965. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. BAER P. N., NEWTON W. L. The occurrence of periodontal disease in germfree mice. J Dent Res. 1959 Nov-Dec;38:1238–1238. doi: 10.1177/00220345590380062601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. BAUER H., HOROWITZ R. E., LEVENSON S. M., POPPER H. The response of the lymphatic tissue to the microbial flora. Studies on germfree mice. Am J Pathol. 1963 Apr;42:471–483. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. BAUER H., HOROWITZ R. E., PARONETTO F., EINHEBER A., ABRAMS G. D., POPPER H. INFLUENCE OF THE MICROBIAL FLORA UPON RESPONSE OF SERUM GAMMA-GLOBULIN AND LYMPHATIC TISSUE TO IRRADIATION. STUDIES IN GERM-FREE MICE. Lab Invest. 1964 Apr;13:381–388. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. BAUER H., HOROWITZ R. E., WATKINS K. C., POPPER H. IMMUNOLOGIC COMPETENCE AND PHAGOCYTOSIS IN GERMFREE ANIMALS WITH AND WITHOUT STRESS. JAMA. 1964 Mar 7;187:715–718. doi: 10.1001/jama.1964.03060230043011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. BEAVER M. H., WOSTMANN B. S. Histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the intestinal tract of germ-free animals, animals harbouring one microbial species and conventional animals. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1962 Dec;19:385–393. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1962.tb01443.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. BORGSTROM B., DAHLQVIST A., GUSTAFSSON B. E., LUNDH G., MALMQUIST J. Trypsin, invertase and amylase content of feces of germfree rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1959 Oct;102:154–155. doi: 10.3181/00379727-102-25174. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. BROWNLEE A., MOSS W. The influence of diet on lactobacilli in the stomach of the rat. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1961 Oct;82:513–516. doi: 10.1002/path.1700820227. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Baer N., Fitzgerald R. J. Periodontal disease in the 18-month-old germfree rat. J Dent Res. 1966 Mar-Apr;45(2):406–406. doi: 10.1177/00220345660450023401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Baez S., Gordon H. A. Tone and reactivity of vascular smooth muscle in germfree rat mesentery. J Exp Med. 1971 Oct 1;134(4):846–856. doi: 10.1084/jem.134.4.846. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Balish E., Phillips A. W. Growth and virulence of Candida albicans after oral inoculation in the chick with a monoflora of either Escherichia coli or Streptococcus faecalis. J Bacteriol. 1966 May;91(5):1744–1749. doi: 10.1128/jb.91.5.1744-1749.1966. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Balish E., Phillips A. W. Growth, morphogenesis, and virulence of Candida albicans after oral inoculation in the germ-free and conventional chick. J Bacteriol. 1966 May;91(5):1736–1743. doi: 10.1128/jb.91.5.1736-1743.1966. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Bauer H., Paronetto F., Burns W. A., Einheber A. The enhancing effect of the microbial flora on macrophage function and the immune response. A study in germfree mice. J Exp Med. 1966 Jun 1;123(6):1013–1024. doi: 10.1084/jem.123.6.1013. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Bauer H., Paronetto F., Porro R. F., Einheber A., Popper H. The influence of the microbial flora on liver injury and associated serum gamma-globulin elevation. A study in germ-free rats treated with 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. Lab Invest. 1967 Jun;16(6):847–857. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Bealmear M., Wilson R. Histological comparison of the thymus of germfree (axenic) and conventional CFW mice. Anat Rec. 1966 Feb;154(2):261–273. doi: 10.1002/ar.1091540209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Bealmear P. M., Wilson R. Homograft rejection by neonatally thymectomized germ-free mice. Cancer Res. 1967 Feb;27(2):358–361. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Bealmear P. M., Wilson R. Leukocyte counts of germ-free neonatally thymectomized CFW mice. Blood. 1967 Jul;30(1):112–119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Bosma M. J., Makinodan T., Walburg H. E., Jr Development of immunologic competence in germfree and conventional mice. J Immunol. 1967 Aug;99(2):420–430. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Bradley R. E., Reid W. M. Histomonas meleagridis and several bacteria as agents of infectious enterohepatitis in gnotobiotic turkeys. Exp Parasitol. 1966 Aug;19(1):91–101. doi: 10.1016/0014-4894(66)90057-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Brody G. L., Bishop J. E., Abrams G. D. Normal flora and collagen production. Arch Pathol. 1966 Mar;81(3):268–270. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. CANADA J. C., STRONG D. H. INCIDENCE OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS IN THE LIVERS OF CONVENTIONAL AND GNOTOBIOTIC MICE. J Bacteriol. 1965 Jun;89:1623–1624. doi: 10.1128/jb.89.6.1623-1624.1965. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. COHEN J. O., NEWTON W. L., CHERRY W. B., UPDYKE E. L. NORMALLY OCCURRING STAPHYLOCOCCAL ANTIBODIES IN GERMFREE MICE. J Immunol. 1963 Mar;90:358–367. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. COHN I., Jr, FLOYD C. E., DRESDEN C. F., BORNSIDE G. H. Strangulation obstruction in germfree animals. Ann Surg. 1962 Oct;156:692–702. doi: 10.1097/00000658-196210000-00016. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. CONRAD M. E., WEINTRAUB L. R., CROSBY W. H. THE ROLE OF THE INTESTINE IN IRON KINETICS. J Clin Invest. 1964 May;43:963–974. doi: 10.1172/JCI104982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. CROSBY W. H. THE CONTROL OF IRON BALANCE BY THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA. Blood. 1963 Oct;22:441–449. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. CURRAN P. F., SOLOMON A. K. Ion and water fluxes in the ileum of rats. J Gen Physiol. 1957 Sep 20;41(1):143–168. doi: 10.1085/jgp.41.1.143. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Carter D., Einheber A., Bauer H., Rosen H., Burns W. F. The role of the microbial flora in uremia. II. Uremic colitis, cardiovascular lesions, and biochemical observations. J Exp Med. 1966 Feb 1;123(2):251–266. doi: 10.1084/jem.123.2.251. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Carter D., Einheber A. Intestinal ischemic shock in germ-free animals. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1966 Jan;122(1):66–76. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Coates M. E., O'Donoghue P. N. Milk allergy in infant germ-free rabbits. Nature. 1967 Jan 21;213(5073):307–308. doi: 10.1038/213307a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Combe E., Sacquet E. Influence de l'état axénique sur divers composés azotés contenus dans le caecum de rats albinos recevant des quantités variables de protéines. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 1966 Feb 7;262(6):685–688. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Crabbé P. A., Nash D. R., Bazin H., Eyssen D. V., Heremans J. F. Antibodies of the IgA type in intestinal plasma cells of germfree mice after oral or parenteral immunization with ferritin. J Exp Med. 1969 Oct 1;130(4):723–744. doi: 10.1084/jem.130.4.723. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. DAFT F. S., McDANIEL E. G., HERMAN L. G., ROMINE M. K., HEGNER J. R. Role of coprophagy in utilization of B vitamins synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Fed Proc. 1963 Jan-Feb;22:129–133. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. DAHLQVIST A., BULL B., GUSTAFSSON B. E. RAT INTESTINAL 6-BROMO-2-NAPHTHYL GLYCOSIDASE AND DISACCHARIDASE ACTIVITIES. I. ENZYMIC PROPERTIES AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF CONVENTIONAL AND GERM-FREE ANIMALS. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1965 Jan;109:150–158. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(65)90300-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. DANIELSSON H., GUSTAFSSON B. On serum-cholesterol levels and neutral fecal sterols in germ-free rats; bile acids and steroids 59. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1959 Aug;83:482–485. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(59)90056-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. DESPLACES A., ZAGURY D., SACQUET E. [Study of the thyroid function of the germ-free rat]. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci. 1963 Jul 17;257:756–758. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. DOLL J. P., FRANKER C. K. Experimental histomoniasis in gnotobiotic turkeys. I. Infection and histopathology of the bacteria-free host. J Parasitol. 1963 Jun;49:411–414. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. DOLL J. P. Rate of carbon clearance in three strains of germfree mice. Am J Physiol. 1962 Aug;203:291–295. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1962.203.2.291. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. DONALDSON R. M., Jr NORMAL BACTERIAL POPULATIONS OF THE INTESTINE AND THEIR RELATION TO INTESTINAL FUNCTION. N Engl J Med. 1964 May 14;270:1050–CONCL. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196405142702007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. DUBOS R. J., SCHAEDLER R. W. The effect of diet on the fecal bacterial flora of mice and on their resistance to infection. J Exp Med. 1962 Jun 1;115:1161–1172. doi: 10.1084/jem.115.6.1161. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. DUBOS R., SCHAEDLER R. W., COSTELLO R., HOET P. INDIGENOUS, NORMAL, AND AUTOCHTHONOUS FLORA OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. J Exp Med. 1965 Jul 1;122:67–76. doi: 10.1084/jem.122.1.67. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. DUOBOS R., SCHAEDLER R. W., COSTELLO R. COMPOSITION, ALTERATION, AND EFFECTS OF THE INTESTINAL FLORA. Fed Proc. 1963 Nov-Dec;22:1322–1329. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Del Favero J. E., Farrell R. L. Experimental histoplasmosis in gnotobiotic dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1966 Jan;27(116):60–66. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Denys P., Jr, Leyten R., De Somer P. The effect of splenectomy on neonatally thymectomized mice. Life Sci. 1966 Sep;5(18):1679–1689. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(66)90103-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Dietrich M., Fliedner T. M., Heimpel H. Isolierbett-System zur Infektionsprophylaxe bei verminderter Resistenz. Seine Anwendung bei intensiver Chemotherapie von Hämoblastosen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1969 May 9;94(19):1003–passim. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1111157. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Drees D. T., Waxler D. L. Enteric colibacillosis in gnotobiotic swine: a fluorescence microscopic study. Am J Vet Res. 1970 Jul;31(7):1147–1157. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Drees D. T., Waxler G. L. Enteric colibacillosis in gnotobiotic swine: an electron microscopic study. Am J Vet Res. 1970 Jul;31(7):1159–1171. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Ducluzeau R., Raibaud P., Dickinson A. B., Sacquet E., Mocquot G. Hydrolyse de l'urée in vitro et in vivo, dans le caecum de rats gnotobiotiques, par différentes souches bactériennes isolées du tube digestif de rats conventionnels. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 1966 Feb 21;262(8):944–947. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Dupont J. R., Jervis H. R., Sprinz H. Auerbach's plexus of the rat cecum in relation to the germfree state. J Comp Neurol. 1965 Aug;125(1):11–18. doi: 10.1002/cne.901250103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. EKSTEDT R. D., NISHIMURA E. T. RUNT DISEASE INDUCED IN NEONATAL MICE BY STERILE BACTERIAL VACCINES. J Exp Med. 1964 Nov 1;120:773–804. doi: 10.1084/jem.120.5.795. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. EVRARD E., HOET P. P., EYSSEN H., CHARLIER H., SACQUET E. FAECAL LIPIDS IN GERM-FREE AND CONVENTIONAL RATS. Br J Exp Pathol. 1964 Aug;45:409–414. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Einheber A., Carter D. The role of the microbial flora in uremia. I. Survival times of germfree, limited-flora, and conventionalized rats after bilateral nephrectomy and fasting. J Exp Med. 1966 Feb 1;123(2):239–250. doi: 10.1084/jem.123.2.239. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Einheber A., Wren R. E. Saline-irreversible tourniquet shock in germfree, ex-germfree and conventional mice. J Trauma. 1967 Jan;7(1):25–39. doi: 10.1097/00005373-196701000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Eriksson H., Gustafsson J. A. Steroids in germfree and conventional rats. Distribution and excretion of labelled pregnenolone and corticosterone in male and female rats. Eur J Biochem. 1970 Jul;15(1):132–139. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1970.tb00987.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. FAHEY J. L., SELL S. THE IMMUNOGLOBULINS OF MICE. V. THE METABOLIC (CATABOLIC) PROPERTIES OF FIVE IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASSES. J Exp Med. 1965 Jul 1;122:41–58. doi: 10.1084/jem.122.1.41. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. FITZGERALD R. J., GUSTAFSSON B. E., MCDANIEL E. G. EFFECTS OF COPROPHAGY PREVENTION ON INTESTINAL MICROFLORA IN RATS. J Nutr. 1964 Oct;84:155–160. doi: 10.1093/jn/84.2.155. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. FITZGERALD R. J. Gnotobiotic contribution to oral microbiology. J Dent Res. 1963 Jan-Feb;2:549–552. doi: 10.1177/00220345630420016601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. FITZGERALD R. J., JORDAN H. V., STANLEY H. R. Experimental caries and gingival pathologic changes in the gnotobiotic rat. J Dent Res. 1960 Sep-Oct;39:923–935. doi: 10.1177/00220345600390052701. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. FORMAL S. B., DAMMIN G., SPRINZ H., KUNDEL D., SCHNEIDER H., HOROWITZ R. E., FORBES M. Experimental Shigella infections. V. Studies in germ-free guinea pigs. J Bacteriol. 1961 Aug;82:284–287. doi: 10.1128/jb.82.2.284-287.1961. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Fitzgerald R. J., Jordan H. V., Archard H. O. Dental caries in gnotobiotic rats infected with a variety of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Arch Oral Biol. 1966 May;11(5):473–476. doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(66)90153-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. GIBBONS R. J., MACDONALD J. B. Degradation of collagenous substrates by Bacteroides melaninogenicus. J Bacteriol. 1961 Apr;81:614–621. doi: 10.1128/jb.81.4.614-621.1961. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. GIBBONS R. J., SOCRANSKY S. S., KAPSIMALIS B. ESTABLISHMENT OF HUMAN INDIGENOUS BACTERIA IN GERM-FREE MICE. J Bacteriol. 1964 Nov;88:1316–1323. doi: 10.1128/jb.88.5.1316-1323.1964. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. GORDON H. A., BRUCKNER-KARDOSS E. Effect of normal microbial flora on intestinal surface area. Am J Physiol. 1961 Jul;201:175–178. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1961.201.1.175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. GORDON H. A., BRUCKNER-KARDOSS E. Effect of the normal microbial flora on various tissue elements of the small intestine. Acta Anat (Basel) 1961;44:210–225. doi: 10.1159/000141723. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. GORDON H. A. The germ-free animal. Its use in the study of "physiologic" effects of the normal microbial flora on the animal host. Am J Dig Dis. 1960 Oct;5:841–867. doi: 10.1007/BF02232187. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. GORDON H. A., WOSTMANN B. S., BRUCKNER-KARDOSS E. EFFECTS OF MICROBIAL FLORA ON CARDIAC OUTPUT AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1963 Nov;114:301–304. doi: 10.3181/00379727-114-28658. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. GORDON H. A., WOSTMANN B. S. Morphological studies on the germfree albino rat. Anat Rec. 1960 May;137:65–70. doi: 10.1002/ar.1091370108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. GRABAR P., COURCON J., WOSTMANN B. S. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the serum of germfree rats. J Immunol. 1962 Jun;88:679–682. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. GRABER C. D., O'NEAL R. M., RABIN E. R. EFFECT OF HIGH FAT DIETS ON INTESTINAL MICROFLORA AND SERUM CHOLESTEROL IN RATS. J Bacteriol. 1965 Jan;89:47–51. doi: 10.1128/jb.89.1.47-51.1965. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. GREENSTEIN J. P., BIRNBAUM S. M., WINITZ M., OTEY M. C. Quantitative nutritional studies with water-soluble, chemically defined diets. I. Growth, reproduction and lactation in rats. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1957 Dec;72(2):396–416. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(57)90216-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. GUSTAFSSON B. E., BERGSTROM S., LINDSTEDT S., NORMAN A. Turnover and nature of fecal bile acids in germfree and infected rats fed cholic acid-24-14C; bile acids and steroids 41. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1957 Mar;94(3):467–471. doi: 10.3181/00379727-94-22981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. GUSTAFSSON B. E., DAFT F. S., McDANIEL E. G., SMITH J. C., FITZGERALD R. J. Effects of vitamin K-active compounds and intestinal microorganisms in vitamin K-deficient germfree rats. J Nutr. 1962 Dec;78:461–468. doi: 10.1093/jn/78.4.461. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. GUSTAFSSON B. E., LANKE L. S. Bilirubin and urobilins in germfree, ex-germfree, and conventional rats. J Exp Med. 1960 Dec 1;112:975–981. doi: 10.1084/jem.112.6.975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. GUSTAFSSON B. E., LAURELL A. B. Properdin titers in sera from germfree rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1960 Dec;105:598–600. doi: 10.3181/00379727-105-26190. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. GUSTAFSSON B. E., LAURELL C. B. G Gamma globulins in germ-free rats. J Exp Med. 1958 Aug 1;108(2):251–258. doi: 10.1084/jem.108.2.251. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. GUSTAFSSON B. E., LAURELL C. B. Gamma globulin production in germfree rats after bacterial contamination. J Exp Med. 1959 Nov 1;110:675–684. doi: 10.1084/jem.110.5.675. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. GUSTAFSSON B. E. Lightweight stainless steel systems for rearing germfree animals. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1959 May 8;78:17–28. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb53092.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. GUSTAFSSON B. E., NORMAN A., SJOVALL J. Influence of E. coli infection on turnover and metabolism of cholic acid in germ-free rats. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1960 Nov;91:93–100. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(60)90460-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. GUSTAFSSON B. E. Vitamin K deficiency in germfree rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1959 May 8;78:166–174. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb53101.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. GUSTAFSSON B., KAHLSON G., ROSENGREN E. Biogenesis of histamine studied by its distribution and urinary excretion in germ free reared and not germ free rats fed a histamine free diet. Acta Physiol Scand. 1957 Dec 7;41(2-3):217–228. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1957.tb01522.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. GYLLENBERG H., ROINE P. The value of colony counts in evaluating the abundance of Lactobacillus bifidus in infant faeces. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1957;41(2):144–150. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1957.tb01010.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Gibbons R. J., Berman K. S., Knoettner P., Kapsimalis B. Dental caries and alveolar bone loss in gnotobiotic rats infected with capsule forming streptococci of human origin. Arch Oral Biol. 1966 Jun;11(6):549–560. doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(66)90220-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Gibbons R. J., Socransky S. S. Enhancement of alveolar bone loss in gnotobiotic mice harbouring human gingival bacteria. Arch Oral Biol. 1966 Aug;11(8):847–848. doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(66)90012-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Gordon H. A. A substance acting on smooth muscle in intestinal contents of germfree animals. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1967 Nov 15;147(2):85–106. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1967.tb45557.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Gordon H. A., Bruckner-Kardoss E., Wostmann B. S. Aging in germ-free mice: life tables and lesions observed at natural death. J Gerontol. 1966 Jul;21(3):380–387. doi: 10.1093/geronj/21.3.380. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Gordon H. A. Germ-free animals in research: an extension of the pure culture concept. Triangle. 1965;7(3):108–121. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Gordon H. A., Kokas E. A bioactive pigment ("alpha pigment") in cecal contents of germ-free animals. Biochem Pharmacol. 1968 Nov;17(11):2333–2337. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(68)90041-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Graber C. D., Moore R. W., Suzuki M., Redmond W. E., O'Neal R. M., Lockhart B. M. Autochthonous intestinal bacterial flora and cholesterol levels in specific pathogen-free swine fed high-lipid and high-sucrose diets. J Bacteriol. 1966 Nov;92(5):1290–1297. doi: 10.1128/jb.92.5.1290-1297.1966. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Guenet J. L., Sacquet E., Gueneau G., Meslin J. C. Action de la microflore totale du rat sur l'activité mitotique des cryptes de Lieberkühn. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 1970 Jun 22;270(25):3087–3090. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. HAENEL H., MULLER-BEUTHOW W., SCHEUNERT A. Der Einfluss extremer Kostformen auf die faecale Flora des Menschen. II. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig. 1957 Jul;169(1-2):45–65. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. HAENEL H., MULLER-BEUTHOW W., SCHEUNERT A. Der Einfluss extremer Kostformen auf die faekale Flora des Menschen. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig. 1957 Mar;168(1-2):37–60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. HENEGHAN J. B. INFLUENCE OF MICROBIAL FLORA ON XYLOSE ABSORPTION IN RATS AND MICE. Am J Physiol. 1963 Sep;205:417–420. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1963.205.3.417. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. HOROWITZ R. E., BAUER H., PARONETTO F., ABRAMS G. D., WATKINS K. C., POPPER H. THE RESPONSE OF THE LYMPHATIC TISSUE TO BACTERIAL ANTIGEN. STUDIES IN GERMFREE MICE. Am J Pathol. 1964 May;44:747–761. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. HUDSON J. A., LUCKEY T. D. BACTERIA INDUCED MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1964 Jul;116:628–631. doi: 10.3181/00379727-116-29324. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Hammarström S., Lagercrantz R., Perlmann P., Gustafsson B. E. Immunological studies in ulcerative colitis. II. "Colon" antigen and human blood group A- and H-like antigens in germfree rats. J Exp Med. 1965 Dec 1;122(6):1075–1085. doi: 10.1084/jem.122.6.1075. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Heneghan J. B., Floyd C. E., Cohn I., Jr Gnotobiotic dogs for surgical research. J Surg Res. 1966 Jan;6(1):24–31. doi: 10.1016/s0022-4804(66)80089-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Hobby G. L., Lenert T. F., Maier-Engallena J., Wakely-Oliver C., Manty A., Cicenia E., Konner S., Cipkowski D. Further observations on the immunogenic effect of BCG in germfree mice. II. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1968 Jun;97(6):1095–1103. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1968.97.6P1.1095. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Hoskins L. C. Bacterial degradation of gastrointestinal mucins. II. Bacterial origin of fecal ABH(O) blood group antigen-destroying enzymes. Gastroenterology. 1968 Feb;54(2):218–224. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Hummel R. P., MacMillan B. G., Maley M., Altemeier W. A. Reverse isolation in the treatment of burns. J Trauma. 1970 Jun;10(6):450–457. doi: 10.1097/00005373-197006000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. IKARI N. S. BACTERICIDAL ANTIBODY TO ESCHERICHIA COLI IN GERM-FREE MICE. Nature. 1964 May 30;202:879–881. doi: 10.1038/202879a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. JACOB S., WEIZEL H., GORDON E., KORMAN H., SCHWEINBURG F., FRANK H., FINE J. Bacterial action in development of irreversibility to transfusion in hemorrhagic shock in the dog. Am J Physiol. 1954 Dec;179(3):523–531. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1954.179.3.523. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. JENSEN S. B., MERGENHAGEN S. E., FITZGERALD R. J. Susceptibility of conventional and garmfree mice to lethal effects of endotoxin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1963 Jul;113:710–714. doi: 10.3181/00379727-113-28469. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Jordan H. V., Fitzgerald R. J., Stanley H. R. Plaque formation and periodontal pathology in gnotobiotic rats infected with an oral actinomycete. Am J Pathol. 1965 Dec;47(6):1157–1167. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Kenworthy R., Allen W. D. Influence of diet and bacteria on small intestinal morphology, with special reference to early weaning and Escherichia coli. Studies with germfree and gnotobiotic pigs. J Comp Pathol. 1966 Jul;76(3):291–296. doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(66)90009-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Kenworthy R. Effect of Escherichia coli on germ-free and gnotobiotic pigs. I. Light and electron microscopy of the small intestine. J Comp Pathol. 1970 Jan;80(1):53–63. doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(70)90031-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Kim Y. B., Bradley S. G., Watson D. W. Ontogeny of the immune response. I. Development of immunoglobulins in germfree and conventional colostrum-deprived piglets. J Immunol. 1966 Jul;97(1):52–63. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Kim Y. B., Watson D. W. Role of antibodies in reactions to gram-negative bacterial endotoxins. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1966 Jun 30;133(2):727–745. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1966.tb52402.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Kohler E. M., Bohl E. H. Studies of Escherichia coli in gnotobiotic pigs. I. Experimental reproduction of colibacillosis. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci. 1966 Jul;30(7):199–203. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Kohler E. M. Studies of escherichia coli in gnotobiotic pigs. IV. Comparison of enteropathogenic and nonenteropathogenic strains. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci. 1967 Nov;31(11):277–282. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. LANDY J. J., GROWDON J. H., SANDBERG R. L. Use of large, germfree animals in medical research. JAMA. 1961 Dec 16;178:1084–1087. doi: 10.1001/jama.1961.73040500001005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. LANDY M., WHITBY J. L., MICHAEL J. G., WOODS M. W., NEWTON W. L. Effect of bacterial endotoxin in germ-free mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1962 Feb;109:352–356. doi: 10.3181/00379727-109-27200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. LARNER J., GILLESPIE R. E. Gastrointestinal digestion of starch. III. Intestinal carbohydrase activities in germ-free and non-germ-free animals. J Biol Chem. 1957 Mar;225(1):279–285. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. LESHER S., WALBURG H. E., Jr, SACHER G. A., Jr GENERATION CYCLE IN THE DUODENAL CRYPT CELLS OF GERM-FREE AND CONVENTIONAL MICE. Nature. 1964 May 30;202:884–886. doi: 10.1038/202884a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. LEVENSON S. M., CROWLEY L. V., HOROWITZ R. E., MALM O. J. The metabolism of carbon-labeled urea in the germ free rat. J Biol Chem. 1959 Aug;234(8):2061–2062. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. LEVENSON S. M., TENNANT B. Some metabolic and nutritional studies with germfree animals. Fed Proc. 1963 Jan-Feb;22:109–119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. LINDSTEDT G., LINDSTEDT S., GUSTAFSSON B. E. MUCUS IN INTESTINAL CONTENTS OF GERMFREE RATS. J Exp Med. 1965 Feb 1;121:201–213. doi: 10.1084/jem.121.2.201. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Lagercrantz R., Hammarström S., Perlmann P., Gustafsson B. E. Immunological studies in ulcerative colitis. 3. Incidence of antibodies to colon-antigen in ulcerative colitis and other gastro-intestinal diseases. Clin Exp Immunol. 1966 Jul;1(3):263–276. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Lepkovsky S., Furuta F., Ozone K., Koike T. The proteases, amylase and lipase of the pancreas and intestinal contents of germ-free and conventional rats. Br J Nutr. 1966;20(2):257–261. doi: 10.1079/bjn19660026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Loesche W. J. Accumulation of endogenous protein in the cecum of the germfree rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1968 Nov;129(2):380–384. doi: 10.3181/00379727-129-33326. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Loesche W. J. Protein and carbohydrate composition of cecal contents of gnotobiotic rats and mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1968 May;128(1):195–199. doi: 10.3181/00379727-128-32977. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Loeschke K., Gordon H. A. Water movement across the cecal wall of the germfree rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1970 Apr;133(4):1217–1222. doi: 10.3181/00379727-133-34657. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Luckey T. D. Effects of microbes on germfree animals. Adv Appl Microbiol. 1965;7:169–223. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70387-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Lutsky I. I., Organick A. B. Pneumonia due to mycoplasma in gnotobiotic mice. I. Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma salivarium, and Mycoplasma pulmonis for the lungs of conventional and gnotobiotic mice. J Bacteriol. 1966 Oct;92(4):1154–1163. doi: 10.1128/jb.92.4.1154-1163.1966. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. MARGARD W. L., PETERS A. C. A STUDY OF GNOTOBIOTIC MICE MONOCONTAMINATED WITH SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM. Lab Anim Care. 1964 Jun;14:200–206. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. MARKLEY K., SMALLMAN E., EVANS G., MCDANIEL E. MORTALITY OF GERMFREE AND CONVENTIONAL MICE AFTER THERMAL TRAUMA. Am J Physiol. 1965 Aug;209:365–370. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1965.209.2.365. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. MATSCHINER J. T., DOISY E. A., Jr Role of vitamin A in induction of vitamin K deficiency in the rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1962 Jan;109:139–142. doi: 10.3181/00379727-109-27128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. MATSUZAWA T., WILSON R. OXYGEN CHANGES IN TISSUES OF GERMFREE AND CONVENTIONAL MICE AFTER INOCULATION OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1965 May 25;85:361–364. doi: 10.1620/tjem.85.361. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. MCINTIRE K. R., SELL S., MILLER J. F. PATHOGENESIS OF THE POST-NEONATAL THYMECTOMY WASTING SYNDROME. Nature. 1964 Oct 10;204:151–155. doi: 10.1038/204151a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. MEYNELL G. G. Antibacterial mechanisms of the mouse gut. II. The role of Eh and volatile fatty acids in the normal gut. Br J Exp Pathol. 1963 Apr;44:209–219. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. MICHAEL J. G., WHITBY J. L., LANDY M. Studies on natural antibodies to gram-negative bacteria. J Exp Med. 1962 Jan 1;115:131–146. doi: 10.1084/jem.115.1.131. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. MILLER J. F. Immunological function of the thymus. Lancet. 1961 Sep 30;2(7205):748–749. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(61)90693-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. MIYAKAWA M. The Miyakawa remote-control germfree rearing unit. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1959 May 8;78:37–46. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb53094.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. MIYAKAWA M. The lymphatic system of germfree guinea pigs. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1959 May 8;78:221–236. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb53105.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Magyary-Kossa J., Gordon H. A. Absorption spectra of "alpha pigment" isolated from cecal contents of germ-free animals. Biochem Pharmacol. 1968 Nov;17(11):2361–2364. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(68)90044-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Markley K., Smallman E., Evans G. Mortality due to endotoxin in germfree and conventional mice after tourniquet trauma. Am J Physiol. 1967 Mar;212(3):541–548. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.212.3.541. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Moore W. E., Cato E. P., Holdeman L. V. Anaerobic bacteria of the gastrointestinal flora and their occurrence in clinical infections. J Infect Dis. 1969 Jun;119(6):641–649. doi: 10.1093/infdis/119.6.641. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. NEWTON W. L., PENNINGTON R. M., LIEBERMAN J. E. Comparative hemolytic complement activities of germfree and conventional guinea pig serum. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1960 Jul;104:486–488. doi: 10.3181/00379727-104-25883. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Nash D. R., Crabbé P. A., Bazin H., Eyssen H., Heremans J. F. Specific and non-specific immunoglobulin synthesis in germfree mice immunized with ferritin by different routes. Experientia. 1969 Oct 15;25(10):1094–1096. doi: 10.1007/BF01901452. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Nordin A. A. The occurrence of plaque forming cells in normal and immunized conventional and germfree mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1968 Oct;129(1):57–62. doi: 10.3181/00379727-129-33249. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. OLSON G. B., WOSTMANN B. S. ELECTROPHORETIC AND IMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES OF THE SERUM OF GERMFREE AND CONVENTIONAL GUINEA PIGS. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1964 Aug-Sep;116:914–918. doi: 10.3181/00379727-116-29407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. ORLAND F. J., BLAYNEY J. R., HARRISON R. W., REYNIERS J. A., TREXLER P. C., ERVIN R. F., GORDON H. A., WAGNER M. Experimental caries in germfree rats inoculated with enterococci. J Am Dent Assoc. 1955 Mar;50(3):259–272. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.1955.0061. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. ORLAND F. J., BLAYNEY J. R., HARRISON R. W., REYNIERS J. A., TREXLER P. C., WAGNER M., GORDON H. A., LUCKEY T. D. Use of the germfree animal technic in the study of experimental dental caries. I. Basic observations on rats reared free of all microorganisms. J Dent Res. 1954 Apr;33(2):147–174. doi: 10.1177/00220345540330020201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Olson G. B., Wostmann B. S. Cellular and humoral immune response of germfree mice stimulated with 7S HGG or Salmonella typhimurium. J Immunol. 1966 Aug;97(2):275–286. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Olson G. B., Wostmann B. S. Lymphocytopoiesis, plasmacytopoiesis and cellular proliferation in nonantigenically stimulated germfree mice. J Immunol. 1966 Aug;97(2):267–274. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Organick A. B., Siegesmund K. A., Lutsky I. I. Pneumonia due to mycoplasma in gnotobiotic mice. II. Localization of Mycoplasma pulmonis in the lungs of infected gnotobiotic mice by electron microscopy. J Bacteriol. 1966 Oct;92(4):1164–1176. doi: 10.1128/jb.92.4.1164-1176.1966. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. PARKER J. C., TENNANT R. W., WARD T. G., ROWE W. P. VIRUS STUDIES WITH GERMFREE MICE. I. PREPARATION OF SEROLOGIC DIAGNOSTIC REAGENTS AND SURVEY OF GERMFREE AND MONOCONTAMINATED MICE FOR INDIGENOUS MURINE VIRUSES. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1965 Mar;34:371–380. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. PESTI L. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE EXAMINATION OF THE INTESTINAL BACTERIUM FLORA OF HEALTHY PIGS. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig. 1963 Jul;189:282–293. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. PHILLIPS A. W., SMITH J. E. Germfree animal techniques and their applications. Adv Appl Microbiol. 1959;1:141–174. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70478-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. PHILLIPS B. P. STUDIES ON THE AMEBA-BACTERIA RELATIONSHIP IN AMEBIASIS. III. INDUCED AMEBIC LESIONS IN THE GERMFREE GUINEA PIG. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1964 May;13:391–395. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1964.13.391. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. PHILLIPS B. P., WOLFE P. A., BARTGIS I. L. Studies on the ameba-bacteria relationship in amebiasis. II. Some concepts on the etiology of the disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1958 Jul;7(4):392–399. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1958.7.392. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. PHILLIPS B. P., WOLFE P. A., GORDON H. A. Studies on rearing the ginea pig germfree. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1959 May 8;78:183–207. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb53103.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. PHILLIPS B. P., WOLFE P. A., REES C. W., GORDON H. A., WRIGHT W. H., REYNIERS J. A. Studies on the ameba-bacteria relationship in amebiasis; comparative results of the intracecal inoculation of germfree, monocontaminated, and conventional guinea pigs with Entamoeba histolytica. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1955 Jul;4(4):675–692. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. PHILLIPS B. P., WOLFE P. A. The use of germfree guinea pigs in studies on the microbial interrelationships in amoebiasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1959 May 8;78:308–314. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb53115.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. POLLARD M. GERMFREE ANIMALS AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH. Science. 1964 Jul 17;145(3629):247–251. doi: 10.1126/science.145.3629.247. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Perlmann P., Hammarström S., Lagercrantz R., Gustafsson B. E. Antigen from colon of germfree rats and antibodies in human ulcerative colitis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1965 Jun 30;124(1):377–394. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb18972.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Phillips A. W., Balish E. Growth and invasiveness of Candida albicans in the germ-free and conventional mouse after oral challenge. Appl Microbiol. 1966 Sep;14(5):737–741. doi: 10.1128/am.14.5.737-741.1966. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Phillips B. P., Gorstein F. Effects of different species of bacteria on the pathology of enteric amebiasis in monocontaminated guinea pigs. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1966 Nov;15(6):863–868. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1966.15.863. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Platt D., Bicanovsky J. E., Dalbow M. H., Thonard J. C. Antigenicity of a carboxymethylcellulose bovine serum albumin glycoprotein in conventional and germ-free mice. Nature. 1966 Jan 8;209(5019):214–215. doi: 10.1038/209214a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Pollard M., Kajima M. Lesions in aged germfree Wistar rats. Am J Pathol. 1970 Oct;61(1):25–36. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Pollard M., Kajima M. Leukemia in germfree rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1966 Feb;121(2):585–589. doi: 10.3181/00379727-121-30837. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Pollard M. The use of germfree animals in virus research. Prog Med Virol. 1965;7:362–376. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Pollard M. Viral status of "germfree" mice. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1966 Feb;20:167–177. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. REDDY B. S., WOSTMANN B. S., PLEASANTS J. R. IRON, COPPER, AND MANGANESE IN GERMFREE AND CONVENTIONAL RATS. J Nutr. 1965 Jun;86:159–168. doi: 10.1093/jn/86.2.159. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. ROVIN S., COSTICH E. R., FLEMING J. E., GORDON H. A. HEALING OF TONGUE WOUNDS IN GERMFREE AND CONVENTIONAL MICE. Arch Pathol. 1965 Jun;79:641–643. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Raibaud P., Dickinson A. B., Sacquet E., Charlier H., Mocquot G. La microflore du tube digestif du rat. I. Techniques d'étude et milieux de culture proposés. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1966 Apr;110(4):568–590. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Raibaud P., Dickinson A. B., Sacquet E., Charlier H., Mocquot G. La microflore du tube digestif du rat. II. Dénombrement de différents genres microbiens dans l'estomac et l'intestin de rats conventionnels. Variation quantitiatives individuelles et en fonction de l'age. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1966 Jun;110(6):861–876. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Reddy B. S., Pleasants J. R., Wostmann B. S. Pancreatic enzymes in germfree and conventional rats fed chemically defined, water-soluble diet free from natural substrates. J Nutr. 1969 Mar;97(3):327–334. doi: 10.1093/jn/97.3.327. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Reddy B. S., Pleasants J. R., Zimmerman D. R., Wostmann B. S. Iron and copper utilization in rabbits as affected by diet and germfree status. J Nutr. 1965 Oct;87(2):189–196. doi: 10.1093/jn/87.2.189. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Reddy B. S., Wostmann B. S. Intestinal disaccharidase activities in the growing germfree and conventional rats. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1966 Mar;113(3):609–616. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(66)90238-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Reed N. D., Jutila J. W. Wasting disease induced with cortisol acetate: studies in germ-free mice. Science. 1965 Oct 15;150(3694):356–357. doi: 10.1126/science.150.3694.356. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Rohovsky M. W., Griesemer R. A., Wolfe L. G. The germfree cat. Lab Anim Care. 1966 Feb;16(1):52–59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Rovin S., Costich E. R., Fleming J. E., Gordon H. A. Healing in germfree and conventional mice after tooth extraction. J Oral Surg. 1966 May;24(3):239–246. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Rovin S., Costich E. R., Gordon H. A. The influence of bacteria and irritation in the initiation of periodontal disease in germfree and conventional rats. J Periodontal Res. 1966;1(3):193–204. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1966.tb01860.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Rovin S., Gordon H. A. The influence of aging on wound healing in germfree and conventional mice. Gerontologia. 1968;14(1):87–96. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Rovin S., Shteyer A., Howell R. M., Gordon H. A. Caries due to food retention in nonsusceptible rats fed a noncariogenic diet. J Dent Res. 1971 Jan-Feb;50(1):105–108. doi: 10.1177/00220345710500010201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. SCHAEDLER R. W., DUBOS R. J. The fecal flora of various strains of mice. Its bearing on their susceptibility to endotoxin. J Exp Med. 1962 Jun 1;115:1149–1160. doi: 10.1084/jem.115.6.1149. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. SCHAEDLER R. W., DUBOS R. J. The susceptibility of mice to bacterial endotoxins. J Exp Med. 1961 Mar 1;113:559–570. doi: 10.1084/jem.113.3.559. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. SCHAEDLER R. W., DUBS R., COSTELLO R. ASSOCIATION OF GERMFREE MICE WITH BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM NORMAL MICE. J Exp Med. 1965 Jul 1;122:77–82. doi: 10.1084/jem.122.1.77. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. SCHWEINBURG F. B., FRANK H. A., FINE J. Bacterial factor in experimental hemorrhagic shock; evidence for development of a bacterial factor which accounts for irreversibility to transfusion and for the loss of the normal capacity to destroy bacteria. Am J Physiol. 1954 Dec;179(3):532–540. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1954.179.3.532. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. SELL S., FAHEY J. L. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GAMMA-GLOBULIN METABOLISM AND LOW SERUM GAMMA-GLOBULIN IN GERMFREE MICE. J Immunol. 1964 Jul;93:81–87. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. SELL S. GAMMA-GLOBULIN METABOLISM IN GERMFREE GUINEA PIGS. J Immunol. 1964 Apr;92:559–564. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. SELL S. IMMUNOGLOBULINS OF THE GERMFREE GUINEA PIG. J Immunol. 1964 Jul;93:122–131. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. SKELLY B. J., TREXLER P. C., TANAMI J. Effect of a Clostridium species upon cecal size of gnotobiotic mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1962 Jul;100:455–458. doi: 10.3181/00379727-110-27548. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. SMITH H. W. OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLORA OF THE ALIMENTARY TRACT OF ANIMALS AND FACTORS AFFECTING ITS COMPOSITION. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1965 Jan;89:95–122. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. SPRINZ H., KUNDEL D. W., DAMMIN G. J., HOROWITZ R. E., SCHNEIDER H., FORMAL S. B. The response of the germfree guinea pig to oral bacterial challenge with Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri. Am J Pathol. 1961 Dec;39:681–695. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. STERZL J., KOSTKA J., LANC A. Development of bactericidal properties against gram-negative organisms in the serum of young animals. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1962 May;7:162–174. doi: 10.1007/BF02928237. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. STOLLERMAN G. H., EKSTEDT R. D., COHEN I. R. NATURAL RESISTANCE OF GERM-FREE MICE AND COLOSTRUM-DEPRIVED PIGLETS TO GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI. J Immunol. 1965 Jul;95:131–140. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. SUTER E., KIRSANOW E. M. Fate of attenuated tubercle bacilli (BCG) in germ-free and conventional mice. Nature. 1962 Jul 28;195:397–398. doi: 10.1038/195397b0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Sacquet E., Charlier H., Raibaud P., Dickinson A. B., Eyrard E., Eyssen H. Etiologie bactérienne de la stéatorrhée observée chez le rat porteur d'un cul-de-sac intestinal. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 1966 Feb 14;262(7):786–789. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Sasaki S., Onishi N., Nishikawa T., Suzuki R., Maeda R. Monoassociation with bacteria in the intestines of germfree mice. Keio J Med. 1970 Jun;19(2):87–101. doi: 10.2302/kjm.19.87. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Sasaki S., Onishi N., Suzuki R., Adachi K., Miyashita M., Shimamura T., Tazume S., Maeda R., Takahashi T. The relation between the persistence of El Tor vibrio in the intestines of germfree mice and so-called coproantibody. J Infect Dis. 1970 May;121(Suppl):124+–124+. doi: 10.1093/infdis/121.supplement.s124. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. Savage D. C., Dubos R. J. Localization of indigenous yeast in the murine stomach. J Bacteriol. 1967 Dec;94(6):1811–1816. doi: 10.1128/jb.94.6.1811-1816.1967. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Savage D. C., Dubos R., Schaedler R. W. The gastrointestinal epithelium and its autochthonous bacterial flora. J Exp Med. 1968 Jan 1;127(1):67–76. doi: 10.1084/jem.127.1.67. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Shklair I. L., Rosen S. Cariogenic potential of streptococcus No. 167 in germ-free rats. J Dent Res. 1969 Nov-Dec;48(6):1313–1313. doi: 10.1177/00220345690480064301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Sieburth J. M. ANTIBIOTIC PROPERTIES OF ACRYLIC ACID, A FACTOR IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL ANTIBIOSIS OF POLAR MARINE ANIMALS. J Bacteriol. 1961 Jul;82(1):72–79. doi: 10.1128/jb.82.1.72-79.1961. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. Strandberg K., Sedvall G., Midtvedt T., Gustafsson B. Effect of some biologically active amines on the cecum wall of germfree rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1966 Mar;121(3):699–702. doi: 10.3181/00379727-121-30864. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. THOMAS M. A., HENEGHAN J. B., MATHIEU F. J., STIRLING C. T., DIVINCENTI F. C., WEILBAECHER D. A., BORNSIDE G. H., BORNSIDE G. H., COHN I., Jr STRANGULATION OBSTRUCTION IN GERMFREE DOGS. Surgery. 1965 Jul;58:37–46. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. THORBECKE G. J., BENACERRAF B. Some histological and functional aspects of lymphoid tissue in germfree animals. II. Studies on phagocytosis in vivo. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1959 May 8;78:247–253. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb53107.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. THORBECKE G. J., GORDON H. A., WOSTMAN B., WAGNER M., REYNIERS J. A. Lymphoid tissue and serum gamma globulin in young germfree chickens. J Infect Dis. 1957 Nov-Dec;101(3):237–251. doi: 10.1093/infdis/101.3.237. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. THORBECKE G. J. Some histological and functional aspects of lymphoid tissue in germfree animals. I. Morphological studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1959 May 8;78:237–246. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb53106.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. TREXLER P. C. GERM-FREE ISOLATORS. Sci Am. 1964 Jul;211:78–88. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0764-78. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  209. TREXLER P. C. The use of plastics in the design of isolator systems. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1959 May 8;78:29–36. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb53093.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  210. Tipton J. B., Dingman R. O. Some aspects of wound healing in the germfree animal. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1966 Dec;38(6):499–506. doi: 10.1097/00006534-196638060-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  211. Tlaskalová H., Kamarýtová V., Mandel L., Prokesová L., Kruml J., Lanc A., Miler I. The immune response of germ-free piglets after peroral monocontamination with living Escherichia coli strain 086. I. The fate of antigen, dynamics and site of antibody formation, nature of antibodies and formation of heterohaemagglutinins. Folia Biol (Praha) 1970 Jun;16(3):177–187. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  212. Trexler P. C. Isolator technology for microbic contamination control. Z Versuchstierkd. 1968;10(1):121–130. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  213. WAGNER M., WOSTMANN B. S. Serum protein fractions and antibody studies in gnotobiotic animals reared germfree or monocontaminated. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1961 Aug 31;94:210–217. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1961.tb35542.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  214. WARREN K. S., NEWTON W. L. Portal and peripheral blood ammonia concentrations in germ-free and conventional guinea pigs. Am J Physiol. 1959 Sep;197:717–720. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.197.3.717. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  215. WHEATER D. W., HURST E. W. The effect of sex on bacterial infections in mice and on the chemotherapy of one of them. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1961 Jul;82:117–130. doi: 10.1002/path.1700820115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  216. WILBUR R. D., CATRON D. V., QUINN L. Y., SPEER V. C., HAYS V. W. Intestinal flora of the pig as influenced by diet and age. J Nutr. 1960 Jun;71:168–175. doi: 10.1093/jn/71.2.168. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  217. WILSON R., BEALMEAR M., SOBONYA R. GROWTH AND REGRESSION OF THE GERMFREE (AXENIC) THYMUS. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1965 Jan;118:97–99. doi: 10.3181/00379727-118-29766. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  218. WILSON R., SJODIN K., BEALMEAR M. THE ABSENCE OF WASTING IN THYMECTOMIZED GERMFREE (AXENIC) MICE. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1964 Oct;117:237–239. doi: 10.3181/00379727-117-29545. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  219. WOSTMANN B. S., GORDON H. A. Electrophoretic studies on the serum protein pattern of the germfree rat and its changes upon exposure to a conventional bacterial flora. J Immunol. 1960 Jan;84:27–31. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  220. WOSTMANN B. S., KNIGHT P. L., KAN D. F. Thiamine in germfree and conventional animals: effect of the intestinal microflora on thiamine metabolism of the rat. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1962 Apr 26;98:516–527. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb30573.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  221. WOSTMANN B. S., KNIGHT P. L., KEELEY L. L., KAN D. F. Metabolism and function of thiamine and naphthoquinones in germfree and conventional rats. Fed Proc. 1963 Jan-Feb;22:120–124. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  222. WOSTMANN B. S. Nutrition of the germfree mammal. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1959 May 8;78:175–182. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb53102.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  223. WOSTMANN B. S. Recent studies on the serum proteins of germfree animals. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1961 Aug 31;94:272–283. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1961.tb35547.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  224. WOSTMANN B. S., WIECH N. L. Total serum and liver cholesterol in germfree and conventional male rats. Am J Physiol. 1961 Dec;201:1027–1029. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1961.201.6.1027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  225. WOSTMANN B., BRUCKNER-KARDOSS E. Development of cecal distention in germ-free baby rats. Am J Physiol. 1959 Dec;197:1345–1346. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.197.6.1345. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  226. Waxler G. L., Schmidt D. A., Whitehair C. K. Technique for rearing gnotobiotic pigs. Am J Vet Res. 1966 Jan;27(116):300–307. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  227. Wolfe L., Griesemer R., Rohovsky M. Germfree cynomolgus monkeys. Lab Anim Care. 1966 Aug;16(4):364–368. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  228. Wolochow H., Hildebrand G. J., Lamanna C. Translocation of microorganisms across the intestinal wall of the rat: effect of microbial size and concentration. J Infect Dis. 1966 Oct;116(4):523–528. doi: 10.1093/infdis/116.4.523. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  229. Wostmann B. S. Antimicrobial defense mechanisms in the Salmonella typhimurium associated ex-germfree rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1970 May;134(1):294–299. doi: 10.3181/00379727-134-34780. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  230. Wostmann B. S., Bruckner-Kardoss E., Knight P. L., Jr Cecal enlargement, cardiac output, and O2 consumption in germfree rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1968 May;128(1):137–141. doi: 10.3181/00379727-128-32962. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  231. Wostmann B. S., Bruckner-Kardoss E. Oxidation-reduction potentials in cecal contents of germfree and conventional rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1966 Apr;121(4):1111–1114. doi: 10.3181/00379727-121-30979. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  232. Wostmann B. S., Knight P. L. Antagonism between vitamins A and K in the germfree rat. J Nutr. 1965 Oct;87(2):155–160. doi: 10.1093/jn/87.2.155. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  233. Wostmann B. S., Olson G. B., Pleasants J. R. Serum proteins of germ-free rats fed water-soluble diets. Nature. 1965 Jun 5;206(988):1056–1057. doi: 10.1038/2061056b0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  234. ZWEIFACH B. W., GORDON H. A., WAGNER M., REYNIERS J. A. Irreversible hemorrhagic shock in germfree rats. J Exp Med. 1958 Mar 1;107(3):437–450. doi: 10.1084/jem.107.3.437. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  235. van der Waaij D. The persistent absence of Enterobacteriaceae from the intestinal flora of mice following antibiotic treatment. J Infect Dis. 1968 Feb;118(1):32–38. doi: 10.1093/infdis/118.1.32. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Bacteriological Reviews are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES