Table 3.
Bivariate associations between factors and complicated grief, depression, and suicide ideation for 8-10 year course of bereavement after suicide in community based sample of first degree relatives and spouses (n=153). Figures are B regression coefficients or odds ratios (95% confidence interval)
| Long term | B (95% CI), P value | OR (95% CI), P value for suicide ideation | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Complicated grief | Depression | ||
| Sociodemographic features: | |||
| Female respondent | 0.1 (5.2 to 5.4), 0.971 | 3.9 (0.9 to 6.9), 0.012 | −1.4 (−2.5 to −0.7), 0.336 |
| Baseline personality features: | |||
| Neuroticism (range 0-12) | 2.6 (1.9 to 3.2), <0.001 | 2.0 (1.7 to 2.3), <0.001 | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.5), <0.001 |
| Mastery (range 0-35)* | 1.4 (0.9 to 1.9), <0.001 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.3), <0.001 | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.3), <0.001 |
| Self esteem (range 0-40) | −1.2 (−1.7 to −0.7), <0.001 | −0.1 (−1.2 to −0.6), <0.001 | 0.9 (0.8 to 0.9), <0.001 |
| Relationship to dead person (1=yes, 0=no): | |||
| Spouse (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | — |
| Parent | 6.8 (−1.3 to 14.9), 0.102 | 0.4 (−4.2 to 4.5), 0.952 | NA |
| Child | −9.4 (−16.4 to −2.3), 0.009 | −6.6 (−10.5 to −2.4), 0.002 | NA |
| Sibling | −4.5 (−13.0 to 3.9), 0.293 | −5.6 (−10.2 to −0.9), 0.019 | NA |
| In-law/other relative | −10.9 (−20.2 to −1.6), 0.022 | −5.6 (−11.1 to 0.1), 0.047 | NA |
| History of mental health (1=yes, 0=no): | |||
| Any clinical anxiety | 3.3 (2.6 to 9.1), 0.269 | 5.1 (1.9 to 8.4), 0.002 | 1.5 (0.8 to 3.0), 0.227 |
| Any clinical depression | 4.1 (2.0 to 10.2), 0.190 | 5.7 (2.4 to 9.1), <0.001 | 1.5 (0.8 to 3.1), 0.226 |
| Any attempted suicide | 10.9 (−0.01 to 21.9), 0.052 | 7.9 (1.7 to 14.1), 0.013 | 5.5 (1.8 to 16.7), 0.003 |
| Mental health: | |||
| Complicated grief (range 0-129) | NA | 0.41 (0.36 to 0.44), <0.001 | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.1), <0.001 |
| Depression (range 0-60) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.3), <0.001 | NA | 1.1 (1.07 to 1.13), <0.001 |
| Suicide ideation (1=yes, 0=no) | 21.1 (15.7 to 26.4), <0.001 | 13.6 (10.5 to 16.7), <0.001 | NA |
| Help seeking over time (1=yes, 0=no): | |||
| Had mutual support | −5.3 (−10.5 to 0.0), 0.05 | −5.7 (−8.9 to −2.5), 0.001 | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.7), 0.437 |
| Received mental healthcare | −1.5 (−5.8 to 2.8), 0.502 | −2.6 (−5.2 to −0.9), 0.058 | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.3), 0.253 |
| Received primary healthcare | −1.1 (−4.9 to 2.6) 0.553 | −1.1 (−3.5 to 1.2), 0.347 | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.6), 0.782 |
| Received FBT | 2.3 (−5.7 to 10.3) 0.574 | 3.4 (−0.5 to 7.3), 0.088 | 1.4 (0.6 to 3.3), 0.424 |
| Time (months) since suicide: | |||
| 2.5 (T0) (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | — |
| 13 (T1) | −8.4 (−11.2 to 5.6), <0.001 | −7.0 (−8.9 to −5.2), <0.001 | NA |
| 96-100 (T2) | −19.8 (−23.5 to −16.1), <0.001 | −10.8 (−13.2 to −8.4), <0.001 | NA |
FBT=family based cognitive behavioural therapy; NA=not applicable.
*Lower scores indicate higher sense of control.