Abstract
Cyclin Y (CCNY) is a novel cyclin and almost nothing is known about its role in human cancers. To investigate the clinical significance of serum anti-CCNY autoantibodies in nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), the serum levels of CCNY protein in 264 patients with NSCLC, 103 patients with tuberculosis, and 89 healthy controls were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The result shows that, compared with normal lung tissues, the NSCLC tissues contained higher levels of CCNY protein. The levels of anti-CCNY autoantibodies were higher in the sera of the patients with NSCLC than in the sera of the healthy controls (P < 0.001) or the patients with tuberculosis (P = 0.027). Moreover, in a Cox regression analysis, anti-CCNY autoantibody was an independent factor that predicted poor prognosis for postoperative patients with early-stage NSCLC (P = 0.026) as well as for those with distant metastasis (P = 0.012). Our data indicated that Anti-CCNY autoantibody may be useful as a latent tumor marker to facilitate diagnosis and may represent a novel prognostic indicator for patients with early stage NSCLC.
1. Background
In recent decades, the incidence of lung cancer has decreased in some countries although lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide [1–5]. Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 75% to 80% of all cases of lung cancer. Surgical treatment, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and radiotherapy are the usual therapeutic approaches used for NSCLC patients. In particular, surgery is the preferred method in the treatment of patients with clinical stages I–IIIA NSCLC. At present, other than imaging as part of conventional detection, there are no indicators or methods to evaluate therapeutic efficacy, even though prognostic and predictive biomarkers have been widely investigated. Therefore, there is an urgent need for sensitive indicators and effective methods to evaluate treatment efficacy and to assess prognosis.
Cell cycle progression is an important regulatory mechanism for cell proliferation, as dysregulation of the cell cycle results in unrestrained cell proliferation as a consequence of tumorigenesis [6]. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are important components of the regulation of the cell cycle. Cyclins play important roles in controlling progression through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase enzymes (CDK) [7–9]. Cyclin Y (CCNY) is the latest cell cycle protein to be identified from a human testis cDNA library. CCNY acts as a growth factor sensor, to integrate extracellular signals with the cell cycle machinery [10]. Recent studies have shown that CCNY mRNA is overexpressed in NSCLC tissues [11] and that altered levels of the CCNY protein influence cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell cycle progression in glioma cells [12]. However, the precise biological function and clinical significance of CCNY remain unclear. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the potential clinical values of CCNY and serum anti-CCNY autoantibodies in patients with NSCLC.
In the current study, we first examined the expression profile of CCNY in tumors from tissues of 39 NSCLC patients by immunohistochemistry. Compared with adjacent nondiseased lung tissues, CCNY was upregulated in lung cancer cells. We then investigated the CCNY autoantibody expression in circulating serum from 264 patients with NSCLC, 103 patients with tuberculosis, and 89 healthy controls. Compared to the levels in healthy individuals and patients with tuberculosis, the CCNY autoantibody level was elevated in NSCLC. Detailed analysis indicated that the anti-CCNY autoantibody was an independent factor that predicted poor prognosis for postoperative patients with early stage NSCLC (P = 0.026) as well as for those with distant metastasis (P = 0.012), implying its potential practical use as an effective indicator of the clinical prognosis of NSCLC.
2. Patients and Methods
2.1. Serum and Samples
Serum samples from 264 patients with NSCLC, 89 age-matched healthy controls, and 103 patients with tuberculosis were obtained from the Beijing Chest Hospital Samples Bank in the period from July 2008 to July 2009. The patients who provided the samples comprised of 186 men and 78 women (median age, 58.5 years; range, 33–85 years). The clinical characteristics of the patients with NSCLC are shown in Table 1. In addition, 39 pairs of lung cancer and paratumorous tissues were obtained at the same time.
Table 1.
The characteristics of the NSCLC patients.
| Characteristics | No |
|---|---|
| Total | 264 (100%) |
| Age | |
| ≤60 | 149 (56.44%) |
| >60 | 115 (43.56%) |
| Gender | |
| Man | 186 (70.46%) |
| Woman | 78 (29.54%) |
| Smoke | |
| Yes | 156 (59.09%) |
| No | 108 (40.91%) |
| Smoke index | |
| ≤400 | 46 (29.49%) |
| >400 | 110 (70.51%) |
| Pathology type | |
| S | 130 (49.24%) |
| A | 134 (50.76%) |
| Tumor site | |
| Right | 115 (43.56%) |
| Left | 149 (56.44%) |
| Differentiation | |
| Well + moderate | 161 (60.98%) |
| Poor | 103 (39.02%) |
| Tumor size | |
| T ≤ 3 cm | 130 (49.2%) |
| T > 3 cm | 134 (50.8%) |
| Lymph node stage | |
| N0 | 124 (47.0%) |
| N1, 2, 3 | 140 (53.0%) |
| Distant metastasis | |
| M0 | 189 (71.6%) |
| M1 | 75 (28.4%) |
| Clinical stage | |
| I | 74 (28.03%) |
| II | 39 (14.77%) |
| III | 76 (28.79%) |
| IV | 75 (28.41%) |
S: squamous cell carcinoma.
A: adenocarcinoma.
Define P < 0.05 as the significant difference.
The patients' serum samples were collected at initial diagnosis. None of the patients had received preoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The healthy controls were recruited during annual health examinations and they showed no evidence of malignancy. Paratumorous tissues, which were obtained from healthy tissues distant from malignant tumors, were microscopically confirmed by H&E staining to contain normal bronchus and pulmonary alveolus tissue and to lack malignant cells. Tumor histology was classified according to the World Health Organization guidelines for histologic typing of lung tumors. Tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage was defined in accordance with the seventh edition of the TNM Classification of Lung Cancer. For survival analysis, the follow-up period was limited to 3 years. The study protocol was approved by the Beijing Chest Hospital Medical Ethics Committee according to the legal regulations of TNM.
Blood samples were subjected to centrifugation of the supernatants for 15 minutes at 3000 ×g at room temperature and immediately stored at −80°C for further analysis.
2.2. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
Briefly, paraffin-embedded sections of resected specimens were dewaxed, rehydrated, trypsinized, and boiled in 0.01 mol/L citrate buffer for 20 min. For immunostaining, the rabbit polyclonal anti-CCNY antibody (Abcam, ab80853), which specifically recognizes a peptide that corresponds to amino acids 144–193 of the human CCNY protein, was used at a 1 : 50 dilution and incubated at 4°C for 12 h, followed by incubation with biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG and streptavidin horseradish peroxidase. The streptavidin-peroxidase method was used routinely. All slides were examined and scored independently by two pathologists (Yu Teng and Haiqing Zhang) who had no prior knowledge of the clinical data and graded the staining intensity independently in all cases. Based on the percentage of positive cells and staining intensity, the results of the CCNY staining were classified as negative (0%), weakly positive, moderately positive, and strongly positive. Staining intensity was scored as follows: (1) ≤10% of the tumor area stained, 0; (2) 11–25% stained, 1; (3) 26–50% stained, 2; and (4) ≥51% stained, 3. When stained tumor cells made up more than 25% of the tumor, the sample was graded as positive.
2.3. Expression and Purification of Recombinant Proteins
The full-length cDNA fragment that encodes CCNY was amplified from A549 cells and inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector pET30a. Then, the pET30a-CCNY-6His plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and induced with 1 mM IPTG for 4 h at 37°C. The CCNY fusion protein, which was mainly expressed in inclusion bodies, was purified and refolded using a Ni-charged IDA agarose affinity chromatography column (Qiagen). Electrophoresis and Western blotting were used to analyze the expression levels of the recombinant proteins. A mouse monoclonal antibody directed against the 6*His-tag (ab15149) and a rabbit polyclonal anti-CCNY antibody (ab80853) were provided by Abcam.
2.4. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
The CCNY protein was used at 1 μg/mL as the coating antigen, and a standard curve was constructed using the CurveExpert 13.0 software. The detection range of the serum anti-CCNY autoantibody was 25–800 ng/mL. Samples with concentrations that fell outside the linear detection range of the standard curves were rediluted and remeasured.
Microtiter 96-well plates were coated with 100 μL per well of 1 μg/mL CCNY protein overnight at 4°C. The wells were blocked with 5% w/v nonfat milk in PBS-T (PBS (pH 7.2) that contained 0.05% v/v Tween-20) for 60 min at 37°C and then incubated for 90 min at 37°C with human serum samples diluted 1 : 100 in PBS. After five washes with PBS-T, the samples were incubated with horseradish-peroxidase (HRP-) conjugated goat anti-human IgG (diluted 1 : 5,000, ab97165; Abcam) as the secondary antibody for 60 min at 37°C, followed by five washes with PBS-T. Finally, 100 μL of TMB was added to each well, followed by incubation for 15 min at room temperature. Subsequently, 50 μL of 2 M H2SO4 as the stop solution was added to each well and mixed thoroughly. The optical density (OD) at 450 nm was read in a spectrophotometer within 30 min.
To ensure that the immunoassay was suitable for measuring clinical serum sample, reproducibility and linearity were examined. The assay showed excellent linearity with serial dilutions, with a 10% coefficient of variation (CV) for the intra and interassay variabilities.
2.5. SDS-PAGE Electrophoresis and Western Blotting
The purified CCNY protein (0.1 μg) of each sample was separated on a 12.5% homogeneous SDS-PAGE gel and electrotransferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane (NC). The NC membrane was blocked with 5% w/v nonfat milk in PBS-T (PBS (pH 7.2) that contained 0.1% v/v Tween-20). The NC membrane was then cut into small strips and incubated overnight at 4°C with anti-CCNY antibody (1 : 1000 dilution, ab80853; Abcam), anti-His-tag antibody (1 : 1000 dilution, M089-3; MBL International), six serum samples from patients with NSCLC, and one negative control (1 : 500 dilutions), respectively. Then, peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (goat anti-mouse IgG, ab97040; goat anti-rabbit IgG, ab7090; goat anti-human IgG, ab97165; all from Abcam) were incubated for 60 min at 37°C. Finally, the immunoreactive bands were visualized using the ECL kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and the images were acquired using the Alpha Innotech Digital Imaging System.
2.6. Statistical Analysis
The data were analyzed using the SPSS 16.0 software package. The Wilcoxon signed rank sum test was applied to analyze differences between the paratumorous tissues and tumor tissues. The serum anti-CCNY autoantibody concentrations for the various groups (i.e., healthy controls, patients with tuberculosis, and patients with NSCLC with different degrees of differentiation) are presented as median values and ranges. Normality was ensured using the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test. The Mann-Whitney nonparametric U-test was used to evaluate the differences in serum anti-CCNY autoantibody concentrations between these groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed, the area under the curve (AUC) was measured, and the cutoff value was determined from the mean plus two standard deviations derived using the sera of the healthy controls. OS was defined as the time interval between the date of diagnosis and the date of death or the last followup. Survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and comparisons between the different groups were analyzed using the log-rank test. A multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox regression method, to identify the prognostic factors for OS from the variables with proven significance in the multivariate analysis. A P value <0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference.
3. Results
3.1. The CCNY Protein Is Overexpressed in NSCLC Tissues
We measured the expression levels of CCNY protein in 39 pairs of NSCLC tissues and paratumorous tissues by immunohistochemistry. The CCNY protein was found mainly in the plasma and partially localized to the plasma membrane. Positive expression of the CCNY protein was recognized in 41.0% (16/39) and 23.1% (9/39) of the tumor tissues and paratumorous tissues, respectively (P = 0.089). The average scores (on a scale of 0–3) for CCNY protein expression were 2.154 ± 1.368 and 1.743 ± 0.965 for the tumor tissues and paratumorous tissues, respectively (P < 0.001). Therefore, CCNY protein expression was significantly higher in the lung cancer tissues than in the paratumorous tissues (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Analyses of CCNY protein expression using immunohistochemistry. Positive expression of CCNY protein in squamous-cell carcinoma sample ((a): 20x, (b): 40x). Negative expression of CCNY protein in matched para-squamous-cell carcinoma sample ((c): 20x, (d): 40x). Positive expression of CCNY protein in adenocarcinoma sample ((e): 20x, (f): 40x). Negative expression of CCNY protein in matched para-adenocarcinoma sample ((g): 20x, (h): 40x).
3.2. Construction of the Expression Vector and Purification of the Fusion Protein
The PCR products were separated, extracted, purified, and ligated into the pET30a vector. The recombinant plasmid vector was digested with NcoI or/and XhoI and run on an agarose gel. The fragment of interest in the recombinant plasmid migrated to the 1000-bp marker, corresponding to the size of the CCNY gene (Figure 2(a)). DNA sequencing showed that the inserted fragment was 1026 bp in length, and the sequence of this fragment completely matched the CCNY nucleotide sequence in GenBank. Thus, the CCNY expression vector was successfully constructed.
Figure 2.
(a) The recombinant vectors pET30a-CCNY-6His were certificated by restricted enzyme cutting. Lane M: DNA marker; Lane 1: recombinant vectors pET30a-CCNY-6His, Lane 2: NCO I single restriction enzyme digestion, Lanes 3: NCO I and Xho I double restriction enzyme digestion. (b) SDS-PAGE analysis was performed to identify the expression of CCNY protein. Lane M: protein molecular weight marker, Lane 1: the negative control of BL21 (DE3), Lane 2: the negative control of BL21 (DE3)/pET30a, Lane 3: CCNY protein expressed in BL21 (DE3)/pET30a. (c) The validation of CCNY autoantibody. Lane 1: positive control (Rabbit anti-CCNY polyclonal antibody), Lane 2: positive control (His-tag antibody), Lanes 3, 4, 5, and 6: the serum with positive CCNY autoantibody, Lanes 7 and 8: the serum with negative CCNY autoantibody, Lane 9: negative control.
The fusion protein was detected in inclusion bodies with an expected distinct band on SDS-PAGE, which was not observed in the negative control sample (Figure 2(b)). This result was further confirmed by Western blotting with the anti-His antibody and anti-CCNY antibody (Figure 2(c)). The molecular mass of the CCNY fusion protein was approximately 45 kD, which is larger than the estimated size of 37 kD owing to the fact that it contains some amino acids encoded by the vector. These results confirmed that the CCNY protein was successfully expressed in E. coli (DE3). The CCNY protein was purified with the Ni2+-affinity chromatography purification system using a routine procedure, and high-purity CCNY protein was obtained.
3.3. Increased Levels of Serum Anti-CCNY Autoantibodies in Patients with NSCLC
The serum anti-CCNY autoantibody levels were significantly higher in the patients with NSCLC (N = 264; median, 76.07 ng/mL; range, 0.01–238.18 ng/mL) than in the healthy controls (N = 89; median, 51.28 ng/mL; range, 0.01–134.53 ng/mL; P < 0.001) or in the patients with tuberculosis (N = 103; median, 68.69 ng/mL; range, 0.01–208.12 ng/mL; P = 0.027) (Figure 3(a)). An ROC curve analysis was performed to determine the values that distinguished NSCLC patients from healthy controls. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.737 (95% CI, 0.677–0.796). A cutoff value of 112.5 ng/mL was applied to provide optimal diagnostic accuracy (minimize false-negatives), giving a sensitivity of 23.5% and a specificity of 95.5% (positive predictive value (PPV), 93.9%; negative predictive value (NPV), 29.6%) (Figure 3(b)). No correlation was observed between the rate of anti-CCNY autoantibody positivity and the clinical pathologic variables.
Figure 3.
(a) The anti-CCNY antibody level was detected by ELISA for serum samples from each group. (b) An ROC analysis of serum anti-CCNY antibody levels in no small cell lung cancer patients versus healthy controls.
To confirm the results of ELISA test, we selected four serum samples that were detected anti-CCNY autoantibody-positive by ELISA and two serum samples of anti-CCNY autoantibody-negative from the NSCLC group, and one sample was selected from healthy group as blank control. The positive serum samples showed better immunoreactivity, and there was no immunoreactivity in the negative samples and the blank control (Figure 2(c)).
3.4. Relationship between Anti-CCNY Autoantibody Levels and Survival
In total, 213 patients were included in the survival analyses. The median survival time was 23 months and the 3-year survival rate was 39.4%. In all, 125 patients received surgical treatment and 88 patients received chemotherapy. The levels of anti-CCNY autoantibodies were also evaluated for a possible association with OS. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no significant association between the levels of anti-CCNY autoantibodies and OS (for 3-year OS: anti-CCNY autoantibody-positive group (33.3%) versus anti-CCNY autoantibody-negative group (41.2%); for median OS: anti-CCNY autoantibody-positive group (17 months) versus anti-CCNY autoantibody-negative group (24 months), P = 0.133), (Figure 4(a)). To eliminate the influence of different therapies on OS, we assessed the relationships between the levels of anti-CCNY autoantibody and the OS of patients who received surgical treatment or chemotherapy. We found that the anti-CCNY autoantibody-positive patients had a shorter OS (for 3-year OS: anti-CCNY autoantibody-positive group [39.3%] versus anti-CCNY autoantibody-negative group [60.8%]; for median OS: anti-CCNY autoantibody-positive group [22 months] versus anti-CCNY autoantibody-negative group [>36 months], P = 0.014). For the patients with NSCLC who received chemotherapy, the OS rates were not significantly different between the anti-CCNY autoantibody-positive group and anti-CCNY autoantibody-negative group (P = 0.253).
Figure 4.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves for OS as determined by the levels of CCNY autoantibody. (a) All patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancer. (b) Postoperative patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer; (c) medical chemotherapy of patients with nonsmall cell-lung cancer.
3.5. Anti-CCNY Autoantibodies Represent an Independent Risk Factor for Survival in Postoperative Patients with Early-Stage NSCLC
A multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox Backward Wald regression model, to assess the effects on OS of age, gender, smoking, smoking index, tumor site, pathology type, T, N, and M, the levels of serum anti-CCNY autoantibodies, and differentiation of the tumor. Finally, the levels of serum anti-CCNY autoantibodies and distant metastasis were included in this model. The serum anti-CCNY antibody levels (HR = 2.380, 95% CI 1.110–5.304, P = 0.026) and distant metastasis (HR = 4.092, 95% CI 1.371–12.210, P = 0.012) persisted as independent prognostic factors for patients with NSCLC. The results of the multivariate analysis of survival are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2.
Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in patients with NSLCL.
| Covariate | Covariate subgroup | HR | 95% CI | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ≤60 | 1.127 | 0.557–2.281 | 0.739 |
| >60 | ||||
| Gender | Male | 1.705 | 0.353–8.241 | 0.323 |
| Female | ||||
| Smoke | Yes | 0.189 | 0.013–2.713 | 0.220 |
| No | ||||
| Smoke index | ≤400 | 0.485 | 0.219–1.072 | 0.740 |
| >400 | ||||
| Tumor site | Right | 1.522 | 0.712–3.251 | 0.278 |
| Left | ||||
| Pathology type | A | 0.565 | 0.236–1.352 | 0.200 |
| S | ||||
| Differentiation | Poor | 0.616 | 0.304–1.248 | 0.179 |
| Moderate + well | ||||
| Levels of CCNY antibody | Negative | 4.044 | 1.849–8.843 | 0.006 |
| Positive | ||||
| T | T1 | 1.290 | 0.838–1.981 | 0.247 |
| T2, 3, 4 | ||||
| N | N0 | 1.121 | 0.763–1.645 | 0.561 |
| N1, 2, 3 | ||||
| M | M0 | 4.485 | 1.412–14.243 | 0.011 |
| M1 | ||||
| Levels of CCNY antibody | Negative | 2.380 | 1.101–5.104 | 0.026 |
| Positive | ||||
| M | M0 | 4.092 | 1.371–12.210 | 0.012 |
| M1 |
P: P value; RR: relative risk to relapse; CI: confidence interval. Define P < 0.05 as the significant difference.
4. Discussion
Autoantibodies against tumor-associated antigens are frequently found in the sera of patients with cancer, and they have been analyzed in many previous studies [13–15]. Many studies have described how cyclins A, B, D, and E and their respective autoantibodies are overexpressed in various cancers, including lung cancer [14, 16–21]. Although CCNY was identified as a novel member of the cyclin family, almost nothing is known about the clinical value of the CCNY protein and anti-CCNY autoantibodies, and only a few studies have reported that the levels of mRNA for CCNY are upregulated in glioma cells and NSCLC tissues [11, 12, 22]. In the present study, we initially used immunohistochemistry to measure the expression levels of CCNY protein in 39 pairs of NSCLC tissues and paratumorous tissues.
It is reported to be a useful approach for cancer detection and diagnosis by detecting autoantibody using recombinant protein [18, 23, 24]. Therefore, we cloned and expressed a CCNY fusion protein in E. coli BL21 (DE3), established an indirect ELISA method, and analyzed the levels of anti-CCNY autoantibodies in the sera of 264 patients with NSCLC who had not yet undergone treatment, 103 patients with tuberculosis, and 89 healthy controls.
The results show that the levels of CCNY protein and anti-CCNY autoantibody are elevated in patients with NSCLC. The factors that lead to the production of anti-CCNY autoantibody are not completely understood, and we assume that the autoantibody that appears with malignant transformation is more likely to be related to the changes in protein levels. Serum autoantibody appears to be an early biomarker, as it has been described as being present before symptomatic disease [25–27]. Therefore, we further assessed the diagnostic value of anti-CCNY autoantibody using a ROC curve. The AUC was 0.737 (95% CI 0.677–0.796), and the cutoff value of 112.5 ng/mL gave a sensitivity of 23.5% and specificity of 95.5%. The serum levels of anti-CCNY autoantibody were also significantly higher in the patients of NSCLC than those of tuberculosis, but there was no significant difference in the positivity of serum anti-CCNY autoantibody between the patients of NSCLC and those of TB (23.5% versus 19.3%, P = 0.373). We also found no statistical significance on the levels of serum anti-CCNY autoantibody among the patients of early-stage NSCLC and patients of tuberculosis. Whether or not serum anti-CCNY autoantibody can be used as an early diagnosis or assistant diagnostic biomarker needs to be addressed by further research.
In addition, the present study demonstrates that anti-CCNY autoantibody is associated with poor prognosis for NSCLC, compare with anti CCNY autoantibodies negative patients, the positive patients tended to have shorter survival times although the difference did not reach statistical significance. Currently, clinical stage is the most commonly used reference index of prognosis for patients with cancer. However, it does not take into account the effects of different treatments on patient prognosis. Surgical treatment is the most effective and preferred option for patients with early stage lung cancer. Chemotherapy is also an important therapeutic approach for patients with advanced lung cancer. To eliminate the influences of different therapeutic methods on patient survival, we assessed, respectively, the relationships between the levels of anti-CCNY autoantibodies and the OS rates for patients who received surgical treatment or medical chemotherapy. The OS of postoperative patients with early-stage NSCLC was significantly associated with the levels of serum anti-CCNY autoantibodies. However, for the NSCLC patient group who received chemotherapy, the OS values were not significantly different between the anti-CCNY autoantibody-positive group and anti-CCNY autoantibody-negative group. Therefore, serum anti-CCNY autoantibody appears to be a valuable indicator for postoperative patients with early-stage NSCLC. In addition, serum anti-CCNY autoantibody is probably an independent risk factor for postoperative patients with early stage NSCLC, as determined in the COX multivariate survival analysis. As a good indicator or method to evaluate postoperative survival is currently lacking, serum anti-CCNY autoantibody may have value in terms of monitoring the survival of postoperative patients, evaluating surgical curative effects and guiding the individualization of treatment.
In summary, although CCNY is the newest member of the cyclin family, no studies have assessed the clinical value of measuring CCNY protein and serum anti-CCNY autoantibody. This study is the first to show that CCNY protein is overexpressed in lung cancer tissues and that the serum anti-CCNY autoantibody levels in patients with NSCLC are higher than in control patients. A limitation of the present study is that only patients with tuberculosis were included, and patients with other pulmonary benign diseases, for example, pneumonia, pulmonary emphysema, and bronchial asthma, were not involved. In addition, we did not have detailed clinical data to analyze the relationships between the levels of CCNY protein and the clinical parameters. The CCNY protein may be a useful reference marker for determining more malignant forms of cancer which is similar or superior to other members of cyclin family. And the serum anti-CCNY autoantibody may be a useful marker for monitoring postoperative prognosis.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by a Beijing Novel Program grant (no. 2006B34), the Beijing Double Ten Project (no. Z121107002812115), and Beijing Cultivation Project for Key Technical and Medicine Products (Z101100055610030) (all awarded to Wentao Yue).
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