Table 1. Characteristics of the goats used in the experiment.

Breed, sex, age, presence of horns, Clutton-Brock Index (CBI) of dominance and actual dominance rank of the goats used as observers and demonstrators (low-ranking, “LR”; highranking, “HR”). The description of the observer-demonstrator pairs formed is also shown.

Subject	Breed	Sex	Age	Horned	Demonstrator/ Observer	CBI	Dominance rank	Paired with
1	British Boer	M	5	No	LR Demonstrator	0.008	69	8, 9
2	Mixed breed	M	10	No	LR Demonstrator	0.011	67	10, 11
3	Golden Guernsey	M	11	No	LR Demonstrator	0.012	66	12, 13
4	British Saanen	F	2	No	LR Demonstrator	0.012	66	14, 15
5	Golden Guernsey	M	7	No	LR Demonstrator	0.036	63	16, 17
6	Golden Guernsey	F	NA	No	LR Demonstrator	0.057	60	18, 19
7	Mixed breed	F	10	No	LR Demonstrator	0.063	59	20, 21
8	Golden Guernsey	F	12	No	Observer	0.064	58	1, 22
9	British Saanen	F	8	No	Observer	0.072	56	1, 22
10	Mixed breed	F	10	No	Observer	0.091	55	2, 23
11	Pygmy	M	4	Yes	Observer	0.120	53	2, 23
12	Anglo-Nubian	F	12	No	Observer	0.160	49	3, 24
13	Pygmy	M	5	Yes	Observer	0.214	48	3, 24
14	British Toggenburg	M	8	Yes	Observer	0.243	47	4, 25
15	British Saanen	M	10	No	Observer	0.316	45	4, 25
16	Pygmy	M	15	Yes	Observer	0.370	44	5, 26
17	Pygmy	M	12	Yes	Observer	0.740	37	5, 26
18	Pygmy	F	9	Yes	Observer	0.915	32	6, 27
19	British Toggenburg	F	14	Yes	Observer	1.235	29	6, 27
20	Pygmy	M	9	Yes	Observer	1.807	23	7, 28
21	Pygmy	M	11	Yes	Observer	2.037	21	7, 28
22	British Alpine	F	8	Yes	HR Demonstrator	2.158	20	8, 9
23	Pygmy	M	13	Yes	HR Demonstrator	2.292	18	10, 11
24	British Toggenburg	M	11	Yes	HR Demonstrator	3.333	15	12, 13
25	British Alpine	F	6	Yes	HR Demonstrator	3.625	13	14, 15
26	British Toggenburg	F	8	Yes	HR Demonstrator	5.800	9	16, 17
27	Pygmy	M	15	Yes	HR Demonstrator	10.539	7	18, 19
28	British Toggenburg	M	8	Yes	HR Demonstrator	193.00	2	20, 21