Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Molecular Pathology : MP logoLink to Molecular Pathology : MP
. 1997 Jun;50(3):124–131. doi: 10.1136/mp.50.3.124

Isoenzymes of protein kinase C: differential involvement in apoptosis and pathogenesis.

E M Deacon 1, J Pongracz 1, G Griffiths 1, J M Lord 1
PMCID: PMC379606  PMID: 9292146

Full text

PDF
124

Images in this article

125Image
on p.125

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Barry S. T., Critchley D. R. The RhoA-dependent assembly of focal adhesions in Swiss 3T3 cells is associated with increased tyrosine phosphorylation and the recruitment of both pp125FAK and protein kinase C-delta to focal adhesions. J Cell Sci. 1994 Jul;107(Pt 7):2033–2045. doi: 10.1242/jcs.107.7.2033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Battaini F., Leggio A., Govoni S., Frattola L., Appollonio I., Ferrarese C., Piolti R., Trabucchi M. Decrease in phorbol ester receptors in human brain tumors. Eur Neurol. 1990;30(5):241–246. doi: 10.1159/000117354. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Battisti C., Formichi P., Federico A. Vitamin E serum levels are normal in ataxia telangiectasia (Louis-Bar disease). J Neurol Sci. 1996 Sep 15;141(1-2):114–116. doi: 10.1016/0022-510x(96)00158-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Baudier J., Delphin C., Grunwald D., Khochbin S., Lawrence J. J. Characterization of the tumor suppressor protein p53 as a protein kinase C substrate and a S100b-binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Dec 1;89(23):11627–11631. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.23.11627. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bauer P. I., Farkas G., Buday L., Mikala G., Meszaros G., Kun E., Farago A. Inhibition of DNA binding by the phosphorylation of poly ADP-ribose polymerase protein catalysed by protein kinase C. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Sep 16;187(2):730–736. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91256-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bergamaschi S., Binetti G., Govoni S., Wetsel W. C., Battaini F., Trabucchi M., Bianchetti A., Racchi M. Defective phorbol ester-stimulated secretion of beta-amyloid precursor protein from Alzheimer's disease fibroblasts. Neurosci Lett. 1995 Dec 1;201(1):1–5. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(95)12168-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Berra E., Díaz-Meco M. T., Lozano J., Frutos S., Municio M. M., Sánchez P., Sanz L., Moscat J. Evidence for a role of MEK and MAPK during signal transduction by protein kinase C zeta. EMBO J. 1995 Dec 15;14(24):6157–6163. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00306.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Berry N., Nishizuka Y. Protein kinase C and T cell activation. Eur J Biochem. 1990 Apr 30;189(2):205–214. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15478.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Brooks G., Wilson R. E., Dooley T. P., Goss M. W., Hart I. R. Protein kinase C down-regulation, and not transient activation, correlates with melanocyte growth. Cancer Res. 1991 Jun 15;51(12):3281–3288. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bursch W., Oberhammer F., Schulte-Hermann R. Cell death by apoptosis and its protective role against disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1992 Jun;13(6):245–251. doi: 10.1016/0165-6147(92)90077-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Chachin M., Shimohama S., Kunugi Y. U., Taniguchi T. Assessment of protein kinase C mRNA levels in Alzheimer's disease brains. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1996 Jun;71(2):175–177. doi: 10.1254/jjp.71.175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Chmura S. J., Nodzenski E., Weichselbaum R. R., Quintans J. Protein kinase C inhibition induces apoptosis and ceramide production through activation of a neutral sphingomyelinase. Cancer Res. 1996 Jun 15;56(12):2711–2714. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Craven P. A., DeRubertis F. R. Loss of protein kinase C delta isozyme immunoreactivity in human adenocarcinomas. Dig Dis Sci. 1994 Mar;39(3):481–489. doi: 10.1007/BF02088331. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Curnutte J. T., Erickson R. W., Ding J., Badwey J. A. Reciprocal interactions between protein kinase C and components of the NADPH oxidase complex may regulate superoxide production by neutrophils stimulated with a phorbol ester. J Biol Chem. 1994 Apr 8;269(14):10813–10819. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Cuvillier O., Pirianov G., Kleuser B., Vanek P. G., Coso O. A., Gutkind S., Spiegel S. Suppression of ceramide-mediated programmed cell death by sphingosine-1-phosphate. Nature. 1996 Jun 27;381(6585):800–803. doi: 10.1038/381800a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Datta R., Banach D., Kojima H., Talanian R. V., Alnemri E. S., Wong W. W., Kufe D. W. Activation of the CPP32 protease in apoptosis induced by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and other DNA-damaging agents. Blood. 1996 Sep 15;88(6):1936–1943. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Decock J. B., Gillespie-Brown J., Parker P. J., Sugden P. H., Fuller S. J. Classical, novel and atypical isoforms of PKC stimulate ANF- and TRE/AP-1-regulated-promoter activity in ventricular cardiomyocytes. FEBS Lett. 1994 Dec 19;356(2-3):275–278. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)01283-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Dekker L. V., Parker P. J. Protein kinase C--a question of specificity. Trends Biochem Sci. 1994 Feb;19(2):73–77. doi: 10.1016/0968-0004(94)90038-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Dive C., Hickman J. A. Drug-target interactions: only the first step in the commitment to a programmed cell death? Br J Cancer. 1991 Jul;64(1):192–196. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1991.269. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Divecha N., Banfić H., Irvine R. F. The polyphosphoinositide cycle exists in the nuclei of Swiss 3T3 cells under the control of a receptor (for IGF-I) in the plasma membrane, and stimulation of the cycle increases nuclear diacylglycerol and apparently induces translocation of protein kinase C to the nucleus. EMBO J. 1991 Nov;10(11):3207–3214. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb04883.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Dobrowsky R. T., Hannun Y. A. Ceramide stimulates a cytosolic protein phosphatase. J Biol Chem. 1992 Mar 15;267(8):5048–5051. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Díaz-Meco M. T., Municio M. M., Frutos S., Sanchez P., Lozano J., Sanz L., Moscat J. The product of par-4, a gene induced during apoptosis, interacts selectively with the atypical isoforms of protein kinase C. Cell. 1996 Sep 6;86(5):777–786. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80152-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Emoto Y., Kisaki H., Manome Y., Kharbanda S., Kufe D. Activation of protein kinase Cdelta in human myeloid leukemia cells treated with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. Blood. 1996 Mar 1;87(5):1990–1996. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Emoto Y., Manome Y., Meinhardt G., Kisaki H., Kharbanda S., Robertson M., Ghayur T., Wong W. W., Kamen R., Weichselbaum R. Proteolytic activation of protein kinase C delta by an ICE-like protease in apoptotic cells. EMBO J. 1995 Dec 15;14(24):6148–6156. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00305.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Evans C. A., Lord J. M., Owen-Lynch P. J., Johnson G., Dive C., Whetton A. D. Suppression of apoptosis by v-ABL protein tyrosine kinase is associated with nuclear translocation and activation of protein kinase C in an interleukin-3-dependent haemopoietic cell line. J Cell Sci. 1995 Jul;108(Pt 7):2591–2598. doi: 10.1242/jcs.108.7.2591. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Fisher D. E. Apoptosis in cancer therapy: crossing the threshold. Cell. 1994 Aug 26;78(4):539–542. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90518-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Fisher G. J., Tavakkol A., Leach K., Burns D., Basta P., Loomis C., Griffiths C. E., Cooper K. D., Reynolds N. J., Elder J. T. Differential expression of protein kinase C isoenzymes in normal and psoriatic adult human skin: reduced expression of protein kinase C-beta II in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 1993 Oct;101(4):553–559. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12365967. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Gescher A. Towards selective pharmacological modulation of protein kinase C--opportunities for the development of novel antineoplastic agents. Br J Cancer. 1992 Jul;66(1):10–19. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1992.209. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Ghayur T., Hugunin M., Talanian R. V., Ratnofsky S., Quinlan C., Emoto Y., Pandey P., Datta R., Huang Y., Kharbanda S. Proteolytic activation of protein kinase C delta by an ICE/CED 3-like protease induces characteristics of apoptosis. J Exp Med. 1996 Dec 1;184(6):2399–2404. doi: 10.1084/jem.184.6.2399. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Goodnight J., Mischak H., Mushinski J. F. Selective involvement of protein kinase C isozymes in differentiation and neoplastic transformation. Adv Cancer Res. 1994;64:159–209. doi: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60838-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Gordge P. C., Hulme M. J., Clegg R. A., Miller W. R. Elevation of protein kinase A and protein kinase C activities in malignant as compared with normal human breast tissue. Eur J Cancer. 1996 Nov;32A(12):2120–2126. doi: 10.1016/s0959-8049(96)00255-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Goss V. L., Hocevar B. A., Thompson L. J., Stratton C. A., Burns D. J., Fields A. P. Identification of nuclear beta II protein kinase C as a mitotic lamin kinase. J Biol Chem. 1994 Jul 22;269(29):19074–19080. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Gougeon M. L. Apoptosis in AIDS. Genetic control and relevance for AIDS pathogenesis. Biochem Soc Trans. 1996 Nov;24(4):1055–1058. doi: 10.1042/bst0241055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Govoni S., Racchi M., Bergamaschi S., Trabucchi M., Battaini F., Bianchetti A., Binetti G. Defective protein kinase C alpha leads to impaired secretion of soluble beta-amyloid precursor protein from Alzheimer's disease fibroblasts. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996 Jan 17;777:332–337. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb34442.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Greenwood A. F., Powers R. E., Jope R. S. Phosphoinositide hydrolysis, G alpha q, phospholipase C, and protein kinase C in post mortem human brain: effects of post mortem interval, subject age, and Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience. 1995 Nov;69(1):125–138. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00220-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Griffiths G., Garrone B., Deacon E., Owen P., Pongracz J., Mead G., Bradwell A., Watters D., Lord J. The polyether bistratene A activates protein kinase C-delta and induces growth arrest in HL60 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996 May 24;222(3):802–808. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0830. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Grigg J. M., Savill J. S., Sarraf C., Haslett C., Silverman M. Neutrophil apoptosis and clearance from neonatal lungs. Lancet. 1991 Sep 21;338(8769):720–722. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91443-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Groux H., Torpier G., Monté D., Mouton Y., Capron A., Ameisen J. C. Activation-induced death by apoptosis in CD4+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-infected asymptomatic individuals. J Exp Med. 1992 Feb 1;175(2):331–340. doi: 10.1084/jem.175.2.331. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Hamet P., deBlois D., Dam T. V., Richard L., Teiger E., Tea B. S., Orlov S. N., Tremblay J. Apoptosis and vascular wall remodeling in hypertension. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1996 Jul;74(7):850–861. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Hocevar B. A., Fields A. P. Selective translocation of beta II-protein kinase C to the nucleus of human promyelocytic (HL60) leukemia cells. J Biol Chem. 1991 Jan 5;266(1):28–33. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Hrzenjak M., Shain S. A. Protein kinase C-dependent and -independent pathways of signal transduction in prostate cancer cells: fibroblast growth factor utilization of a protein kinase C-independent pathway. Cell Growth Differ. 1995 Sep;6(9):1129–1142. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Huang K. P., Huang F. L. Conversion of protein kinase C from a Ca2+-dependent to an independent form of phorbol ester-binding protein by digestion with trypsin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986 Aug 29;139(1):320–326. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80116-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Hug H., Sarre T. F. Protein kinase C isoenzymes: divergence in signal transduction? Biochem J. 1993 Apr 15;291(Pt 2):329–343. doi: 10.1042/bj2910329. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Inoue M., Kishimoto A., Takai Y., Nishizuka Y. Studies on a cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase and its proenzyme in mammalian tissues. II. Proenzyme and its activation by calcium-dependent protease from rat brain. J Biol Chem. 1977 Nov 10;252(21):7610–7616. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Iseki R., Mukai M., Iwata M. Regulation of T lymphocyte apoptosis. Signals for the antagonism between activation- and glucocorticoid-induced death. J Immunol. 1991 Dec 15;147(12):4286–4292. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Jaken S., Leach K., Klauck T. Association of type 3 protein kinase C with focal contacts in rat embryo fibroblasts. J Cell Biol. 1989 Aug;109(2):697–704. doi: 10.1083/jcb.109.2.697. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Jarvis W. D., Grant S., Kolesnick R. N. Ceramide and the induction of apoptosis. Clin Cancer Res. 1996 Jan;2(1):1–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Jarvis W. D., Kolesnick R. N., Fornari F. A., Traylor R. S., Gewirtz D. A., Grant S. Induction of apoptotic DNA damage and cell death by activation of the sphingomyelin pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jan 4;91(1):73–77. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.1.73. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Kariya K., Karns L. R., Simpson P. C. Expression of a constitutively activated mutant of the beta-isozyme of protein kinase C in cardiac myocytes stimulates the promoter of the beta-myosin heavy chain isogene. J Biol Chem. 1991 Jun 5;266(16):10023–10026. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Kerr J. F., Harmon B., Searle J. An electron-microscope study of cell deletion in the anuran tadpole tail during spontaneous metamorphosis with special reference to apoptosis of striated muscle fibers. J Cell Sci. 1974 May;14(3):571–585. doi: 10.1242/jcs.14.3.571. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Kerr J. F., Winterford C. M., Harmon B. V. Apoptosis. Its significance in cancer and cancer therapy. Cancer. 1994 Apr 15;73(8):2013–2026. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19940415)73:8<2013::aid-cncr2820730802>3.0.co;2-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Kerr J. F., Wyllie A. H., Currie A. R. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer. 1972 Aug;26(4):239–257. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1972.33. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Khan W. A., Blobe G. C., Hannun Y. A. Arachidonic acid and free fatty acids as second messengers and the role of protein kinase C. Cell Signal. 1995 Mar;7(3):171–184. doi: 10.1016/0898-6568(94)00089-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Kikkawa U., Ogita K., Shearman M. S., Ase K., Sekiguchi K., Naor Z., Kishimoto A., Nishizuka Y., Saito N., Tanaka C. The family of protein kinase C: its molecular heterogeneity and differential expression. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1988;53(Pt 1):97–102. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1988.053.01.015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Kiley S. C., Jaken S., Whelan R., Parker P. J. Intracellular targeting of protein kinase C isoenzymes: functional implications. Biochem Soc Trans. 1995 Aug;23(3):601–605. doi: 10.1042/bst0230601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Kiley S., Schaap D., Parker P., Hsieh L. L., Jaken S. Protein kinase C heterogeneity in GH4C1 rat pituitary cells. Characterization of a Ca2(+)-independent phorbol ester receptor. J Biol Chem. 1990 Sep 15;265(26):15704–15712. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Kinter A. L., Poli G., Maury W., Folks T. M., Fauci A. S. Direct and cytokine-mediated activation of protein kinase C induces human immunodeficiency virus expression in chronically infected promonocytic cells. J Virol. 1990 Sep;64(9):4306–4312. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.9.4306-4312.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Kishimoto A., Mikawa K., Hashimoto K., Yasuda I., Tanaka S., Tominaga M., Kuroda T., Nishizuka Y. Limited proteolysis of protein kinase C subspecies by calcium-dependent neutral protease (calpain). J Biol Chem. 1989 Mar 5;264(7):4088–4092. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Kiss Z., Anderson W. H. Selective down-regulation of protein kinase c-epsilon by carcinogens does not prevent stimulation of phospholipase D by phorbol ester and platelet-derived growth factor. Biochem J. 1994 Jun 15;300(Pt 3):751–756. doi: 10.1042/bj3000751. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Knox K. A., Johnson G. D., Gordon J. A study of protein kinase C isozyme distribution in relation to Bcl-2 expression during apoptosis of epithelial cells in vivo. Exp Cell Res. 1993 Jul;207(1):68–73. doi: 10.1006/excr.1993.1164. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Kochs G., Hummel R., Fiebich B., Sarre T. F., Marmé D., Hug H. Activation of purified human protein kinase C alpha and beta I isoenzymes in vitro by Ca2+, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Biochem J. 1993 Apr 15;291(Pt 2):627–633. doi: 10.1042/bj2910627. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Lazebnik Y. A., Cole S., Cooke C. A., Nelson W. G., Earnshaw W. C. Nuclear events of apoptosis in vitro in cell-free mitotic extracts: a model system for analysis of the active phase of apoptosis. J Cell Biol. 1993 Oct;123(1):7–22. doi: 10.1083/jcb.123.1.7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Lee J. Y., Hannun Y. A., Obeid L. M. Ceramide inactivates cellular protein kinase Calpha. J Biol Chem. 1996 May 31;271(22):13169–13174. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.22.13169. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Lee M. H., Bell R. M. Mechanism of protein kinase C activation by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Biochemistry. 1991 Jan 29;30(4):1041–1049. doi: 10.1021/bi00218a023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Li L., Zhou J., James G., Heller-Harrison R., Czech M. P., Olson E. N. FGF inactivates myogenic helix-loop-helix proteins through phosphorylation of a conserved protein kinase C site in their DNA-binding domains. Cell. 1992 Dec 24;71(7):1181–1194. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(05)80066-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Li Y., Davis K. L., Sytkowski A. J. Protein kinase C-epsilon is necessary for erythropoietin's up-regulation of c-myc and for factor-dependent DNA synthesis. Evidence for discrete signals for growth and differentiation. J Biol Chem. 1996 Oct 25;271(43):27025–27030. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Lord J. M., Ashcroft S. J. Identification and characterization of Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase in rat islets and hamster beta-cells. Biochem J. 1984 Apr 15;219(2):547–551. doi: 10.1042/bj2190547. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Lord J. M., Pongracz J. Protein kinase C: a family of isoenzymes with distinct roles in pathogenesis. Clin Mol Pathol. 1995 Apr;48(2):M57–M64. doi: 10.1136/mp.48.2.m57. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Lotem J., Cragoe E. J., Jr, Sachs L. Rescue from programmed cell death in leukemic and normal myeloid cells. Blood. 1991 Aug 15;78(4):953–960. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Lozano J., Berra E., Municio M. M., Diaz-Meco M. T., Dominguez I., Sanz L., Moscat J. Protein kinase C zeta isoform is critical for kappa B-dependent promoter activation by sphingomyelinase. J Biol Chem. 1994 Jul 29;269(30):19200–19202. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Lucas M., Sánchez-Margalet V. Protein kinase C involvement in apoptosis. Gen Pharmacol. 1995 Sep;26(5):881–887. doi: 10.1016/0306-3623(94)00295-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Macfarlane D. E., Manzel L. Activation of beta-isozyme of protein kinase C (PKC beta) is necessary and sufficient for phorbol ester-induced differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytes. Studies with PKC beta-defective PET mutant. J Biol Chem. 1994 Feb 11;269(6):4327–4331. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Macfarlane D. E., O'Donnell P. S. Phorbol ester induces apoptosis in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells but not in HL-60 PET mutant. Leukemia. 1993 Nov;7(11):1846–1851. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Manni A., Buckwalter E., Etindi R., Kunselman S., Rossini A., Mauger D., Dabbs D., Demers L. Induction of a less aggressive breast cancer phenotype by protein kinase C-alpha and -beta overexpression. Cell Growth Differ. 1996 Sep;7(9):1187–1198. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Martin J. B. Huntington's disease: genetically programmed cell death in the human central nervous system. Nature. 1982 Sep 16;299(5880):205–206. doi: 10.1038/299205a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Mathias S., Dressler K. A., Kolesnick R. N. Characterization of a ceramide-activated protein kinase: stimulation by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Nov 15;88(22):10009–10013. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.22.10009. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Matsushima H., Shimohama S., Chachin M., Taniguchi T., Kimura J. Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent protein kinase C changes in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem. 1996 Jul;67(1):317–323. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67010317.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Meurs H., Kauffman H. F., Koëter G. H., Timmermans A., de Vries K. Regulation of the beta-receptor-adenylate cyclase system in lymphocytes of allergic patients with asthma: possible role for protein kinase C in allergen-induced nonspecific refractoriness of adenylate cyclase. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1987 Sep;80(3 Pt 1):326–339. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(87)90039-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Mischak H., Goodnight J. A., Kolch W., Martiny-Baron G., Schaechtle C., Kazanietz M. G., Blumberg P. M., Pierce J. H., Mushinski J. F. Overexpression of protein kinase C-delta and -epsilon in NIH 3T3 cells induces opposite effects on growth, morphology, anchorage dependence, and tumorigenicity. J Biol Chem. 1993 Mar 25;268(9):6090–6096. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Moore N. C., Jenkinson E. J., Owen J. J. Effects of the thymic microenvironment on the response of thymocytes to stimulation. Eur J Immunol. 1992 Oct;22(10):2533–2537. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830221011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Murray N. R., Baumgardner G. P., Burns D. J., Fields A. P. Protein kinase C isotypes in human erythroleukemia (K562) cell proliferation and differentiation. Evidence that beta II protein kinase C is required for proliferation. J Biol Chem. 1993 Jul 25;268(21):15847–15853. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Murti K. G., Kaur K., Goorha R. M. Protein kinase C associates with intermediate filaments and stress fibers. Exp Cell Res. 1992 Sep;202(1):36–44. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(92)90401-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Müller G., Ayoub M., Storz P., Rennecke J., Fabbro D., Pfizenmaier K. PKC zeta is a molecular switch in signal transduction of TNF-alpha, bifunctionally regulated by ceramide and arachidonic acid. EMBO J. 1995 May 1;14(9):1961–1969. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07188.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Nakamura S., Nishizuka Y. Lipid mediators and protein kinase C activation for the intracellular signaling network. J Biochem. 1994 Jun;115(6):1029–1034. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124451. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Nakanishi H., Brewer K. A., Exton J. H. Activation of the zeta isozyme of protein kinase C by phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. J Biol Chem. 1993 Jan 5;268(1):13–16. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Neamati N., Fernandez A., Wright S., Kiefer J., McConkey D. J. Degradation of lamin B1 precedes oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in apoptotic thymocytes and isolated thymocyte nuclei. J Immunol. 1995 Apr 15;154(8):3788–3795. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Newton A. C. Protein kinase C: structure, function, and regulation. J Biol Chem. 1995 Dec 1;270(48):28495–28498. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.48.28495. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Nishizuka Y. Intracellular signaling by hydrolysis of phospholipids and activation of protein kinase C. Science. 1992 Oct 23;258(5082):607–614. doi: 10.1126/science.1411571. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Nishizuka Y. Protein kinase C and lipid signaling for sustained cellular responses. FASEB J. 1995 Apr;9(7):484–496. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Nishizuka Y. The role of protein kinase C in cell surface signal transduction and tumour promotion. Nature. 1984 Apr 19;308(5961):693–698. doi: 10.1038/308693a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Obeid L. M., Linardic C. M., Karolak L. A., Hannun Y. A. Programmed cell death induced by ceramide. Science. 1993 Mar 19;259(5102):1769–1771. doi: 10.1126/science.8456305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Oberhammer F. A., Hochegger K., Fröschl G., Tiefenbacher R., Pavelka M. Chromatin condensation during apoptosis is accompanied by degradation of lamin A+B, without enhanced activation of cdc2 kinase. J Cell Biol. 1994 Aug;126(4):827–837. doi: 10.1083/jcb.126.4.827. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Owen P. J., Johnson G. D., Lord J. M. Protein kinase C-delta associates with vimentin intermediate filaments in differentiated HL60 cells. Exp Cell Res. 1996 Jun 15;225(2):366–373. doi: 10.1006/excr.1996.0187. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Parker P. J., Kour G., Marais R. M., Mitchell F., Pears C., Schaap D., Stabel S., Webster C. Protein kinase C--a family affair. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1989 Aug;65(1-2):1–11. doi: 10.1016/0303-7207(89)90159-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Perletti G. P., Folini M., Lin H. C., Mischak H., Piccinini F., Tashjian A. H., Jr Overexpression of protein kinase C epsilon is oncogenic in rat colonic epithelial cells. Oncogene. 1996 Feb 15;12(4):847–854. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Pettitt T. R., Zaqqa M., Wakelam M. J. Epidermal growth factor stimulates distinct diradylglycerol species generation in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts: evidence for a potential phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C-catalysed pathway. Biochem J. 1994 Mar 15;298(Pt 3):655–660. doi: 10.1042/bj2980655. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Pongracz J., Clark P., Neoptolemos J. P., Lord J. M. Expression of protein kinase C isoenzymes in colorectal cancer tissue and their differential activation by different bile acids. Int J Cancer. 1995 Mar 29;61(1):35–39. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910610107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Pongracz J., Deacon E. M., Johnson G. D., Burnett D., Lord J. M. Doppa induces cell death but not differentiation of U937 cells: evidence for the involvement of PKC-beta 1 in the regulation of apoptosis. Leuk Res. 1996 Apr;20(4):319–326. doi: 10.1016/0145-2126(95)00074-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Pongracz J., Johnson G. D., Crocker J., Burnett D., Lord J. M. The role of protein kinase C in myeloid cell apoptosis. Biochem Soc Trans. 1994 Aug;22(3):593–597. doi: 10.1042/bst0220593. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Pongracz J., Tuffley W., Johnson G. D., Deacon E. M., Burnett D., Stockley R. A., Lord J. M. Changes in protein kinase C isoenzyme expression associated with apoptosis in U937 myelomonocytic cells. Exp Cell Res. 1995 Jun;218(2):430–438. doi: 10.1006/excr.1995.1176. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Powell C. T., Brittis N. J., Stec D., Hug H., Heston W. D., Fair W. R. Persistent membrane translocation of protein kinase C alpha during 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced apoptosis of LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Cell Growth Differ. 1996 Apr;7(4):419–428. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Rodríguez-Tarduchy G., López-Rivas A. Phorbol esters inhibit apoptosis in IL-2-dependent T lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Nov 15;164(3):1069–1075. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91778-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Rusnak J. M., Lazo J. S. Downregulation of protein kinase C suppresses induction of apoptosis in human prostatic carcinoma cells. Exp Cell Res. 1996 Apr 10;224(1):189–199. doi: 10.1006/excr.1996.0127. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Ryves W. J., Evans A. T., Olivier A. R., Parker P. J., Evans F. J. Activation of the PKC-isotypes alpha, beta 1, gamma, delta and epsilon by phorbol esters of different biological activities. FEBS Lett. 1991 Aug 19;288(1-2):5–9. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80989-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Sahyoun N., Wolf M., Besterman J., Hsieh T., Sander M., LeVine H., 3rd, Chang K. J., Cuatrecasas P. Protein kinase C phosphorylates topoisomerase II: topoisomerase activation and its possible role in phorbol ester-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Mar;83(6):1603–1607. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.6.1603. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Savill J. S., Wyllie A. H., Henson J. E., Walport M. J., Henson P. M., Haslett C. Macrophage phagocytosis of aging neutrophils in inflammation. Programmed cell death in the neutrophil leads to its recognition by macrophages. J Clin Invest. 1989 Mar;83(3):865–875. doi: 10.1172/JCI113970. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Savill J., Fadok V., Henson P., Haslett C. Phagocyte recognition of cells undergoing apoptosis. Immunol Today. 1993 Mar;14(3):131–136. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(93)90215-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Schaap D., Hsuan J., Totty N., Parker P. J. Proteolytic activation of protein kinase C-epsilon. Eur J Biochem. 1990 Jul 31;191(2):431–435. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19139.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Smith C. A., Williams G. T., Kingston R., Jenkinson E. J., Owen J. J. Antibodies to CD3/T-cell receptor complex induce death by apoptosis in immature T cells in thymic cultures. Nature. 1989 Jan 12;337(6203):181–184. doi: 10.1038/337181a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Song Q., Baxter G. D., Kovacs E. M., Findik D., Lavin M. F. Inhibition of apoptosis in human tumour cells by okadaic acid. J Cell Physiol. 1992 Dec;153(3):550–556. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041530316. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Takahashi A., Alnemri E. S., Lazebnik Y. A., Fernandes-Alnemri T., Litwack G., Moir R. D., Goldman R. D., Poirier G. G., Kaufmann S. H., Earnshaw W. C. Cleavage of lamin A by Mch2 alpha but not CPP32: multiple interleukin 1 beta-converting enzyme-related proteases with distinct substrate recognition properties are active in apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Aug 6;93(16):8395–8400. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.16.8395. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Thompson L. J., Fields A. P. betaII protein kinase C is required for the G2/M phase transition of cell cycle. J Biol Chem. 1996 Jun 21;271(25):15045–15053. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.25.15045. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Vito P., Wolozin B., Ganjei J. K., Iwasaki K., Lacanà E., D'Adamio L. Requirement of the familial Alzheimer's disease gene PS2 for apoptosis. Opposing effect of ALG-3. J Biol Chem. 1996 Dec 6;271(49):31025–31028. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.49.31025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Wada H., Ohno S., Kubo K., Taya C., Tsuji S., Yonehara S., Suzuki K. Cell type-specific expression of the genes for the protein kinase C family: down regulation of mRNAs for PKC alpha and nPKC epsilon upon in vitro differentiation of a mouse neuroblastoma cell line neuro 2a. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Nov 30;165(1):533–538. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91102-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Watanabe T., Ono Y., Taniyama Y., Hazama K., Igarashi K., Ogita K., Kikkawa U., Nishizuka Y. Cell division arrest induced by phorbol ester in CHO cells overexpressing protein kinase C-delta subspecies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 1;89(21):10159–10163. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.21.10159. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Ways D. K., Kukoly C. A., deVente J., Hooker J. L., Bryant W. O., Posekany K. J., Fletcher D. J., Cook P. P., Parker P. J. MCF-7 breast cancer cells transfected with protein kinase C-alpha exhibit altered expression of other protein kinase C isoforms and display a more aggressive neoplastic phenotype. J Clin Invest. 1995 Apr;95(4):1906–1915. doi: 10.1172/JCI117872. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Wetsel W. C., Khan W. A., Merchenthaler I., Rivera H., Halpern A. E., Phung H. M., Negro-Vilar A., Hannun Y. A. Tissue and cellular distribution of the extended family of protein kinase C isoenzymes. J Cell Biol. 1992 Apr;117(1):121–133. doi: 10.1083/jcb.117.1.121. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Whitehouse P. J., Price D. L., Struble R. G., Clark A. W., Coyle J. T., Delon M. R. Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia: loss of neurons in the basal forebrain. Science. 1982 Mar 5;215(4537):1237–1239. doi: 10.1126/science.7058341. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Williams D., Siock P., Stenn K. 13-cis-Retinoic acid affect sheath-shaft interaction of equine hair follicles in vitro. J Invest Dermatol. 1996 Feb;106(2):356–361. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12343124. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Williams G. T. Programmed cell death: apoptosis and oncogenesis. Cell. 1991 Jun 28;65(7):1097–1098. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90002-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Wyllie A. H. Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation. Nature. 1980 Apr 10;284(5756):555–556. doi: 10.1038/284555a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Yazaki T., Ahmad S., Chahlavi A., Zylber-Katz E., Dean N. M., Rabkin S. D., Martuza R. L., Glazer R. I. Treatment of glioblastoma U-87 by systemic administration of an antisense protein kinase C-alpha phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide. Mol Pharmacol. 1996 Aug;50(2):236–242. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Yousefi S., Dibbert B., Blaser K., Simon H. U. Educational Corner: Inhibition of eosinophil apoptosis in chronic allergic disease. Cell Death Differ. 1996 Oct;3(4):443–443. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Zhang W., Sakai N., Fu T., Okano Y., Hirayama H., Takenaka K., Yamada H., Nozawa Y. Diacylglycerol formation and DNA synthesis in endothelin-stimulated rat C6 glioma cells: the possible role of phosphatidylcholine breakdown. Neurosci Lett. 1991 Feb 25;123(2):164–166. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90921-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular Pathology are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES