Can we improve the dose distribution for single or multi-lumen breast balloons used for Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation?

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of the study was to verify dose distribution parameters for multi-lumen, and artificially created single-lumen balloon applicator used for the same patient with two optimization algorithms: inverse planning simulated annealing (IPSA) and dose point optimization with distance option.

Material and methods

Group of 24 patients with multi-lumen balloon applied were investigated. Each patient received 10 fractions of 3.4 Gy (2 fractions daily). For every patient, four treatment plans were prepared. Firstly, for five-lumen balloon optimized with IPSA algorithm and optimization parameters adjusted for each case. Secondly, for the same applicator optimized with dose point optimization and distant option. Two other plans were prepared for single-lumen applicator, created by removing four peripheral lumens, optimized with both algorithms.

Results

The highest D₉₅ parameter was obtained for plans optimized with IPSA algorithm, mean value 99.3 percent of prescribed dose, and it was significantly higher than plans optimized with dose point algorithm (mean = 83.50%, p < 0.0001), IPSA single-lumen balloon plan (mean = 83.50%, p = 0.0037) and optimized to dose point single-lumen balloon (mean = 85.51%, p < 0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences concerning maximum doses distributed to skin surface for neither application nor optimization method. Volumes receiving 200% of prescribed dose in PTV were higher for multi-lumen balloon dose point optimized plans (mean = 8.78%), than for other plans (IPSA multi-lumen balloon plan: mean = 7.37%, p < 0.0001, single-lumen IPSA: mean = 7.20%, p < 0.0001, single-lumen dose point: mean = 7.19%, p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Basing on performed survey, better dose distribution parameters are obtained for patients with multi-lumen balloon applied and optimized using IPSA algorithm with individualized optimization parameters.

Purpose

Breast-conserving therapy (BCT) has traditionally included whole breast irradiation after tumor lumpectomy. This approach is based on the premise that irradiation will eliminate residual foci of tumor adjacent to the surgical bed, and will reduce the risk of recurrence from areas in situ or infiltrating carcinoma elsewhere in the breast. Growing body of data provides compelling evidence that irradiation after lumpectomy is effective only at the site of initial involvement, and thus may safely be limited to tissues immediately surrounding the excision cavity, with an expected local control rate comparable to the rate achieved with whole-breast irradiation [1–4]. Most studies of phases I and II using this technique have demonstrated acceptable 5- and 10-year rates of local control, and good cosmetic effect in highly selected, low-risk patients [5, 6]. The MammoSite^® applicator (Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA, USA) was one of the first devices designed to address these issues. One of the major limitations with the use of the MammoSite to deliver APBI, relates to its single lumen design, and the fixed relationship between the geometry of balloon placement and the dose delivered. The Contura^® multi-lumen balloon (SenoRx, Inc., Aliso Viejo, CA, USA) was designed to provide additional options to achieve more idealized dosimetric goals (Fig. 1) [7]. Through the use of four additional lumens that are offset from the single central catheter lumen, dose shaping is possible. Published dosimetric data have demonstrated the device's ability to significantly reduce skin and rib doses, and improve on other treatment restrictions (as a result of insufficient skin spacing or suboptimal conformance [7–11]). Basing on our own studies, we verified dose distribution parameters for Contura^® (SenoRx, Inc.), and artificially created single-lumen balloon applicator used for the same patient, applying two optimization algorithms: Inverse Planning Simulated Annealing (IPSA) and dose point optimization with distance option.

Fig. 1.

Contura^® multi-lumen balloon (SenoRx, Inc., Aliso Viejo, CA, USA)

Material and methods

From November 2009 to March 2011 we have treated 24 patients using Contura^® multi-lumen breast balloon (SenoRx, Inc.). Patients were treated with total dose of 34 Gy in 10 fraction, 2 fractions per day in 5 consecutive days, excluding weekends in accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) mode. High-dose-rate (HDR) technique was used. Treatment plans were prepared using computed tomography (CT) imaging with slice thickness of 1 mm. PTV_EVAL was the volume in which the dose was reported, and was limited to 5 mm from the skin. It was created by adding 10 mm margin around the balloon. If the skin or pectoral muscle were overlapping the margin creating planning target volume (PTV), the overlapping parts were subtracted (Fig. 2). The balloon was subtracted as well, as the doses inside the balloon were unlimited. Maximal doses in ribs and skin were calculated.

Fig. 2.

Anatomy reconstruction in Contura^® application

Before each fraction, the dressing covering the breast of the patient and the applicator was removed. The configuration of the orientation line on the applicator, in relation to the line drawn on skin of the patient was checked just before the CT planning. Furthermore, before the CT planning, the fluid around the balloon was vacuumed. Air and fluid was removed before each fraction to keep the condition from the time of planning.

Oncentra Masterplan vs 3.2^® (Nucletron, an Elekta company, Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden) treatment planning system was used for planning. Dose distribution for treatment was calculated using IPSA algorithm with individually adapted optimization parameters (ML IPSA). There were three additional virtual plans prepared for each patient in order to compare dose distribution, using single and multi-lumen devices used for APBI. The first virtual plan was calculated for the same device using dose points optimization with distance option (ML DP). Next plan for single lumen applicator was prepared by deleting the radial lumens from the applicator in treatment planning system. The first plan for virtual applicator was optimized using IPSA algorithm (SL IPSA). The last plan was prepared for single lumen applicator, and was optimized using dose points optimization (SL DP). To compare the dose optimization algorithms, no manual optimization was performed, as physicist interference and dose modification would compromise the results of TPS calculations. Real plans after acceptance were optimized only with IPSA algorithm without any other optimization. The same way, a plan using IPSA optimization for single lumen applicator was optimized. Only the IPSA parameters were modified. We compared the same way single and multi-lumen applicators. Our goal was to verify the implemented algorithms. Exemplary dose distribution is presented in Figure 3.

Fig. 3.

Dose distribution visualization

Primary dosimetric goals to accept treatment plan were defined as: (a) D₉₅ in PTV_EVAL > 95%; (b) V₁₅₀ < 50 cc; (c) V₂₀₀ < 10 cc; (d) Skin D_max < 125%; (e) Rib D_max < 125%. Plans were recognized as acceptable, if suboptimal application conditions prevented as from achieving primary goals, and the restrictions had to be lowered to: (a) D₉₀ in PTV_EVAL > 90% prescribed dose; (b) Skin D_max < 145% prescribed dose, with the remaining parameters unchanged.

To verify these plans, dose distribution parameters representing doses in target volume and in organs at risk were compared. Dose distribution parameters were obtained from dose volume histograms. Within our interest were the following: D₉₅, D₉₀, V₁₅₀, V₂₀₀, D₁₀, D₅₀, and doses to OARs – D_max rib and D_max skin. All the parameters that represented the doses were taken into account as percent of prescribed dose, except of V₁₅₀ and V₂₀₀,which were presented in cm³. The dose distribution parameters from three virtual plan sets, with the original plans prepared to treat the patients were compared using Student's t-test (α < 0.05).

Results

A total of 24 patients were treated using multi-lumen intracavitary breast balloon. The mean values with the standard deviations of achieved dose distribution parameters are presented in Table 1 and Figure 4. Table 2 contains p value of Student's t-test for comparison of dose distribution obtained for realized plan versus values calculated for virtual plans.

Table 1.

Dose distribution parameters (mean values and SD) for real and virtual plans

	Multi-lumen IPSA	Multi-lumen DP	Single-lumen IPSA	Single-lumen DP
D 95 [%]	99.32 ± 6.75	83.50 ± 8.16	97.82 ± 7.51	85.52 ± 10.21
D 90 [%]	99.95 ± 19.61	88.40 ± 7.96	102.56 ± 7.13	90.27 ± 9.82
D max skin [%]	85.83 ± 28.59	81.34 ± 28.43	85.31 ± 32.31	85.07 ± 43.20
D max rib [%]	92.52 ± 33.86	84.59 ± 24.13	105.56 ± 33.34	96.05 ± 34.59
D 50 [%]	133.41 ± 18.96	118.70 ± 21.06	132.28 ± 21.15	119.99 ± 23.86
D 10 [%]	190.62 ± 9.63	193.96 ± 18.46	190.07 ± 12.42	185.05 ± 14.21
V 150 [cm 3 ]	34.72 ± 4.84	24.20 ± 4.01	33.60 ± 5.25	24.45 ± 4.76
V 200 [cm 3 ]	7.37 ± 4.25	8.78 ± 3.04	7.20 ± 4.72	7.19 ± 3.44

IPSA – Inverse Planning Simulated Annealing, DP – dose points optimization, D – dose (dose that covers % of the target volume), D_max – maximal dose received by skin or rib, V – volume (V₁₅₀, that is the percentage of the target volume that has received 50% more than the prescribed dose, V₂₀₀ – 100% more)

Fig. 4.

Mean values and SD for doses deposited to target (D₉₅, D₅₀, V₁₅₀) and OAR (D_maxskin) for plans prepared using different methods

Table 2.

Comparison of p values: real plan with virtual plans

	Multi-lumen DP	Single-lumen IPSA	Single-lumen DP
D 95	< 0.0001	0.0367	< 0.0001
D 90	0.0145	0.5440	0.0350
D max skin	0.0816	0.7131	0.8763
D max rib	0.1452	0.0067	0.04467
D 50	< 0.0001	0.2245	< 0.0001
D 10	0.3290	0.7787	0.0333
V 150	< 0.0001	0.2369	< 0.0001
V 200	0.0181	0.6926	0.8001

IPSA – Inverse Planning Simulated Annealing, DP – dose points optimization, D – dose (dose that covers % of the target volume), D_max – maximal dose received by skin or rib, V – volume (V₁₅₀, that is the percentage of the target volume that has received 50% more than the prescribed dose, V₂₀₀ – 100% more)

The highest values of D₉₅ was obtained for IPSA optimized plan for multi-lumen (ML IPSA) applicator (99.32 ± 6.75%). This difference was statistically significant for all three virtual plans: multi-lumen dose point optimized (ML DP), single-lumen IPSA optimized (SL IPSA), single-lumen dose point optimized (SL DP), p < 0.0001, p = 0.0367 and p < 0.0001, respectively. Only the values of maximal dose to skin were comparable for all the plans. No statistical significant differences were found (ML DP p = 0.0816, SL IPSA p = 0.7131, SL DP p = 0.8763).

SL IPSA plans were not significantly different from ML IPSA plans, taking into account mean values of D₉₀ (p = 0.544), D₅₀ (p = 0.2245) and V₁₅₀ (p = 0.2369). The values of the other two virtual planning results, provided outcomes statistically different from obtained using ML IPSA for these DVH parameters D₉₀ (p = 0.0145, p = 0.0350), D₅₀ (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001), and V₁₅₀ (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001) for ML DP and SL DP, respectively.

Discussion

APBI using intracavitary breast balloons is a technique which gives as opportunity to treat patients in short period of time. The main advantage of this method is that intracavitary application and high dose gradient permit us to irradiate the target area with prescribed dose, while conserving the organs at risk. The cosmetic outcome of the treatment is also very important, so the lowest possible skin doses and calculation of the smallest high-dose volumes are crucial [12–17].

The multi-lumen construction of the applicator gives us broader possibility to adjust the dose distribution in the treated area [12, 18–20]. Optimization of dose distribution using multi-lumen device had more degrees of freedom, as more active source dwell positions are available. The plans calculated with IPSA algorithm characterized with significantly better dose coverage of the treated area while keeping doses to skin surface at similar level.

In this analysis, compared with standard single-lumen, balloon-based brachytherapy, potential improvements in dosimetric capabilities (i.e., reduced skin dose, improved PTV_EVAL coverage, and normal tissue avoidance) were realized. Clearly, higher standards for radiation coverage of target tissue with APBI can now be routinely achieved, and previously encountered toxicities can more easily be reduced - in many cases they can be completely avoided [7, 21–23]. Analyzed issue was recently described in two published papers. Eyre et al. [24] published a study directly comparing four dosimetric techniques for balloon-based partial breast brachytherapy: single source, standard line source, and both forward planned and inverse planned multi-lumen (ML). They presented a standard line source plan to be used in a single catheter or as a starting point for forward planned ML. Twelve treatment plans of patients previously treated with a single lumen were a basis for preparing inverse plans, and used to create a standard line source plan. Authors concluded that multiple sources in a single catheter improved coverage at catheter ends, whereas ML can further improve coverage and reduce dose to organs at risk. Using a standard line source as a starting point for forward planning ML means increase in planning time is kept to a minimum, making it a practicable option for centers without inverse planning software [24]. Arthur et al. [25] recently published a final dosimetric findings of a completed, multi-institutional, phase 4 registry trial using the Contura^® Multi-Lumen Balloon (MLB) breast brachytherapy catheter, to deliver APBI in patients with early-stage breast cancer. The idea was to compare 3 dosimetric plans with identical target coverage for each patient to compare: multi-lumen multi-dwell (MLMD); central-lumen multi-dwell (CLMD), and central-lumen single-dwell (CLSD) loading of the Contura^® catheter. The use of the Contura^® MLB catheter produced statistically significant improvements in dosimetric capabilities between CLSD and CLMD treatments. This device approach demonstrates the ability not only to overcome the barriers of limited skin thickness and close rib proximity, but to consistently achieve a higher standard of dosimetric planning goals [25].

In our observations, IPSA optimized single-lumen applications resulted in acceptable dose coverage – D₉₀ and it was comparable with ML IPSA application. Additionally, the skin doses were not differing, only the doses to ribs were higher, however acceptable for vast majority of plans. IPSA algorithm allowed to achieve better plans for single-lumen applicator than for ML DP application. The plans were calculated using dose point optimization with smaller high dose regions, but it was strictly related with underdosing of the treated area. This fact is not clinically crucial as such plans would be optimized manually before treatment of patient. Aim of the study was to test tools implemented to treatment planning system, without physicist intervention. The significant advantage of intracavitary breast balloons is active source dwell positions localized inside the balloon, and separated from the treated tissue. This feature allows to achieve much smaller high dose regions in patient tissue, and decrease the maximum dose. Appropriate construction of the applicator is the reason for the highest dose being absorbed by fluid inside the balloon, therefore the dose distribution is much more homogenous in the target area.

Conclusions

Dose distribution obtained using multi-lumen IPSA optimized application was characterized with the highest target coverage while preserving acceptable doses to organs at risk. Optimization method was proven to be more important than the number of catheters in the applicator, however, overall outcome of multi-lumen application gives more possibilities of dose distribution adjustment.