Abstract
Sodium is an obligate growth requirement for most currently recognized predominant species of rumen bacteria. The isoosmotic deletion of Na+ from a nutritionally adequate defined medium completely eliminated growth of most species. Growth yields and rates were both a function of Na+ concentration for Na+-requiring species, and Na+ could not be replaced by Rb+, Li+, or Cs+ when these ions were substituted for Na+ at a concentration equivalent to an Na+ concentration that supported abundant growth. Li+, Cs+, or Rb+ was toxic at an Na+-replacing concentration (15 mM) but not at a K+-replacing concentration (0.65 mM). K+ was also an obligate growth requirement for rumen bacteria in media containing Na+ and K+ as major monovalent cations, but K+ could be replaced, for most species, by Rb+. The quantities of Na+ that support rapid and abundant growth of Na+-requiring rumen bacteria show that these organisms are slight halophiles. A growth requirement for Na+ appears more frequent among nonmarine bacteria than has been previously believed.
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