Table 5.
Sensitivity analyses for relation between psoriasis and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Figures are hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) by age
| Psoriasis overall | Mild psoriasis | Severe psoriasis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 30 | Age 60 | Age 30 | Age 60 | Age 30 | Age 60 | |||
| Primary model* | 1.20 (1.13 to 1.29) | 1.07 (1.04 to 1.10) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.10) | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.02) | 3.82 (3.15 to 4.64) | 2.00 (1.86 to 2.17) | ||
| Excluding patients with psoriatic arthritis | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.18) | 1.03 (1.002 to 1.06) | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.08) | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.02) | 3.09 (2.39 to 3.99) | 1.79 (1.62 to 1.97) | ||
| Excluding patients treated with cyclosporine and/or methotrexate | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.13) | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.04) | NA | NA | 2.89 (1.94 to 4.31) | 1.74 (1.49 to 2.03) | ||
| Excluding patients treated with azathioprine | 1.18 (1.10 to 1.26) | 1.06 (1.03 to 1.09) | NA | NA | 3.65 (2.97 to 4.49) | 1.98 (1.82 to 2.15) | ||
| Excluding patients treated with phototherapy | 1.20 (1.12 to 1.28) | 1.07 (1.04 to 1.09) | NA | NA | 4.31 (3.50 to 5.31) | 2.11 (1.94 to 2.28) | ||
| Excluding patients with rheumatoid arthritis and/or osteoarthritis | 1.27 (1.18 to 1.37) | 1.07 (1.04 to 1.10) | 1.09 (1.003 to 1.18) | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.03) | 4.16 (3.32 to 5.22) | 2.02 (1.84 to 2.22) | ||
| Primary model also adjusted for average NSAID use during follow-up (No of prescriptions per year) | 1.20 (1.13 to 1.28) | 1.07 (1.04 to 1.10) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.10) | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.02) | 3.59 (2.95 to 4.36) | 1.95 (1.81 to 2.11) | ||
| Primary model also adjusted for alcohol use and smoking status | 1.18 (1.10 to 1.27) | 1.06 (1.04 to 1.09) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.09) | 0.99 (0.97 to 1.02) | 3.69 (3.00 to 4.53) | 1.93 (1.78 to 2.09) | ||
| Using multiple imputation for missing BMI data | 1.22 (1.15 to 1.29) | 1.07 (1.05 to 1.09) | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.11) | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.02) | 3.55 (3.00 to 4.21) | 1.97 (1.84 to 2.11) | ||
| Redefining covariates† to require prescription consistent with diagnosis | 1.20 (1.13 to 1.29) | 1.07 (1.04 to 1.10) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.10) | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.02) | 3.84 (3.16 to 4.66) | 2.00 (1.85 to 2.16) | ||
| Using strict CKD code and/or lab outcome | 1.19 (1.11 to 1.28) | 1.06 (1.03 to 1.09) | 1.03 (0.95 to 1.10) | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.02) | 3.56 (2.91 to 4.36) | 1.86 (1.72 to 2.01) | ||
| Redefining incident CKD outcome as diagnosis occurring ≥1 year after start date | 1.21 (1.13 to 1.30) | 1.05 (1.02 to 1.08) | 1.03 (0.95 to 1.11) | 0.98 (0.95 to 1.01) | 3.95 (3.20 to 4.87) | 1.90 (1.75 to 2.07) | ||
| Using only lab based KDOQI definition of moderate to advanced CKD: | ||||||||
| Stages 3-5 combined | 1.21 (1.13 to 1.29) | 1.07 (1.04 to 1.10) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.09) | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.02) | 3.84 (3.14 to 4.70) | 2.07 (1.91 to 2.24) | ||
| Stage 3 | 1.21 (1.13 to 1.29) | 1.07 (1.04 to 1.10) | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.10) | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.02) | 3.77 (3.08 to 4.62) | 2.07 (1.91 to 2.24) | ||
| Stage 4 | 1.44 (1.004 to 2.06) | 1.16 (1.02 to 1.31) | 1.06 (0.71 to 1.57) | 1.04 (0.91 to 1.20) | 9.54 (3.57 to 25.45) | 2.12 (1.46 to 3.08) | ||
| Stage 5 | 0.97 (0.46 to 2.02) | 0.99 (0.74 to 1.33) | 0.60 (0.25 to 1.41) | 0.85 (0.61 to 1.18) | 11.28 (1.66 to 6.75) | 2.32 (0.95 to 5.66) | ||
| Restricting to patients who were seen on average at least once a year in 5 years before follow-up | 1.22 (1.14 to 1.31) | 1.10 (1.07 to 1.13) | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.12) | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.05) | 3.80 (3.08 to 4.68) | 2.04 (1.88 to 2.22) | ||
| Restricting to patients with ≥1 serum creatinine measurement in 5 years before follow-up | 1.64 (1.35 to 2.00) | 1.32 (1.23 to 1.41) | 1.42 (1.15 to 1.76) | 1.23 (1.14 to 1.33) | 3.31 (1.81 to 6.04) | 2.27 (1.83 to 2.81) | ||
| Using time varying covariates‡ | 1.19 (1.11 to 1.28) | 1.06 (1.03 to 1.09) | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.08) | 0.98 (0.96 to 1.01) | 3.86 (3.06 to 4.70) | 2.00 (1.86 to 2.17) | ||
NSAID=non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; BMI=body mass index; NA=not applicable.
*Adjusted for sex, age, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, NSAID use, BMI, age × psoriasis interaction
†Diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia.
‡Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia.