Table 1.
Characteristics of studies on brief screening tools for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
| Author; Location | Design | Recruitment method | Participants (mean age; mean years education; percentage male) | Tools examined |
| Becker et al. [17]; USA | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 51 (HIV+); 51 (HIV−); Education: 15 (HIV+); 15 (HIV−) Male: 96% (HIV+); 78% (HIV−) | The Computer Assessment of Mild Cognitive Impairment (CAMCI) |
| Bottiggi et al. [18]; Kentucky, USA | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 39; Education: 14; Male: 87% | HIV Dementia Scale |
| Carey et al. [19]; San Diego, USA | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 41; Education: 14; Male: 84% | Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Revised and Grooved Pegboard Test nondominant hand (PND) pair; Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Revised and WAIS-III Digit Symbol (DS) subtest pair; HIV Dementia Scale |
| Cysique et al. [20]; Sydney, Australia | Cross-sectional | Random sampling | Age: 47 (Advanced HIV); 48 (ADC); 49 (HIV−); Education: 14 (Advanced HIV); 14 (ADC); 15 (HIV−); Male: 98% (Advanced HIV); 100% (ADC); 100% (HIV−) | CogState |
| Cysique et al. [21]; Sydney, Australia | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 49 (HIV+); 47 (HIV−); Education: 14 (HIV+); 15 (HIV−); Male: 100% (HIV+); 100% (HIV−) | Screening Algorithm |
| Ellis et al. [22]; 15 sites, USA | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 44; Education: 14; Male: 86% | The NeuroScreen – Brief Neurocognitive Screen (BNCS) and Brief Peripheral Neuropathy Screen (BPNS) |
| Fogel [23]; USA | Cross-sectional | NR | Age: NR; Education: NR; Male: 92% | Brief Cognitive Screen (BCS) – memory subtest, verbal fluency items and conflicting stimulus test of the High Sensitivity Cognitive Screen (HSCS) |
| Ganasen et al. [24]; Western Cape, South Africa | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 34; Education: 10; Male: 26% | HIV Dementia Scale |
| Garvey et al. [25]; London, UK | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 48; Education: NR; Male: 84% | Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) |
| Gonzalez et al. [26]; USA | Cross-sectional | Not reported | Age: 40; Education: 14; Male: 100% | California Computerized Assessment Package (CalCAP), mini-version |
| Jones et al. [27]; Baltimore, USA | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: NR; Education: 13; Male: 79% | Mental Alternation Test |
| Joska et al. [28]; Cape Town, South Africa | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 30 (HIV+); 25 (HIV−); Education: 10 (HIV+); 11 (HIV−); Male: 21% (HIV+); 38% (HIV−) | International HIV Dementia Scale |
| Knippels et al. [29]; the Netherlands and Flanders, Belgium | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 39; Education: NR; Male: 100% | Medical Outcomes Study HIV (MOS-HIV), four-item version in Dutch |
| Kwasa et al. [30]; Kisumu, Kenya | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 39; Education: NR; Male: 57% | HIV Dementia Diagnostic Tool |
| Lyon et al. [31]; Washington, DC; USA | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 17 (Dementia); 17 (No dementia); Education: NR; Male: 83% (Dementia); 45% (No dementia) | HIV Dementia Scale; Mini Mental State Examination |
| Maruff et al. [32]; Melbourne, Australia | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 46 (ADC); 47 (controls, AIDS but no ADC or MND); Education: 13 (ADC); 12 (controls, AIDS but no ADC or MND); Male: 89% (ADC); 91% (controls, AIDS but no ADC or MND) | CogState (brief battery) |
| Minor et al. [33]; USA | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 38; Education: 12; Male: 52% | Coin Rotation Test |
| Morgan et al. [34]; San Diego, USA | Cross-sectional | Random sampling | Age: 40 (HIV+); 37 (HIV−); Education: 13 (HIV+); 14 (HIV−); Male: 83% (HIV+); 68% (HIV−) | HIV Dementia Scale |
| Muniyandi et al. [64]; Thanjavur, India | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: NR; Education: NR; Male: 61% | Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); Bender Gestalt Test (BGT); Wechsler Memory Scale; International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) |
| Overton et al. [35]; St. Louis, USA | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 40 (median); Education: NR; Male: 72% | CogState |
| Parsons et al. [36]; USA | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 24; Education: 13; Male: 66% | Motor battery (timed gait, grooved pegboard, finger-tapping) |
| Power et al. [6]; Baltimore, USA | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 42 (HIV−); 37 (Asymptomatic HIV+); 36 (nondemented AIDS); 39 (mildly demented AIDS); 39 (severely demented AIDS); Education: 15 (HIV−); 14 (Asymptomatic HIV+); 14 (Non-demented AIDS); 14 (mildly demented AIDS); 11 (severely demented AIDS); Male: 89% | HIV Dementia Scale; Mini Mental State Examination; Grooved Pegboard |
| Revicki et al. [37]; Baltimore-Washington, USA | Longitudinal | Convenience sampling | Age: 37; Education: NR; Male: 66% | 4-item Cognitive Function Scale (CF4) from HIV Health Survey and Complete 6-item Cognitive Function Scale (CF6) from Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) |
| Richardson et al. [38]; Boston Area, USA | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 41; Education: 12; Male: 65% | HIV Dementia Scale |
| Robertson et al. [39]; ACTG sites all over the world NYC, Chapel Hill and 42 sites around the world | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 38 (AIDS); 39 (SX); 35 (ASX); 35 (HIV−); Education: 14 (AIDS); 15 (SX); 15 (ASX); 16 (HIV−); Male: 87% (AIDS); 96% (SX); 91% (ASX); 56% (HIV−) | Timed Gait Test |
| Sacktor et al. [7]; Baltimore, USA and Uganda | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: US HIV+: 43 (no impairment); 44 (subclinical impairment); 47 (mild dementia); 44 (moderate dementia); 49 (severe dementia); Uganda: 37 (HIV+); 31 (HIV−); Education: US HIV+: 14 (no impairment); 13 (subclinical impairment); 13 (mild dementia); 12 (moderate dementia); 13 (severe dementia); Uganda: 9 (HIV+); 10 (HIV−); Male: NR | International HIV Dementia Scale |
| Simioni et al. [40]; Geneva, Switzerland | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: NR; Education: NR; Male: 72% | HIV Dementia Scale |
| Singh et al. [41]; Durban, South Africa | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 34 (median); Education: NR; Male: 40% | International HIV Dementia Scale |
| Smith et al. [42]; USA | Cross-sectional | Not reported | Age: 41 (NP normal); 41 (NP abnormal); Education: 14 (NP normal); 13 (NP abnormal); Male: NR | HIV Dementia Scale |
| Von Giesen et al. [43]; Dusseldorf, Germany | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 45 (mildly demented); 41 (not demented); Education: NR; Male: 100% (mildly demented); 100% (not demented) | HIV Dementia Scale |
| Wojna et al. [44]; Puerto Rico, USA | Cross-sectional | Convenience sampling | Age: 36 (HIV+); 34 (HIV−); Education: 12 (HIV+); 13 (HIV−); Male: 0% | HIV Dementia Scale, Spanish |
ADC, AIDS Dementia Complex; ASX, asymptomatic; MND, mild neurocognitive disorder; NR, not reported; SX, symptomatic.