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. 2010 Dec;21(2):69–83.

Distribution of the Sunda Colugo (Galeopterus variegatus) in Malaysia (Peninsular, Sabah, Sarawak)

Muhammad Dzulhelmi Muhammad Nasir 1,*, Mohd Tajuddin Abdullah 2
PMCID: PMC3819077  PMID: 24575200

Abstract

There is not much information available on the distribution of the Sunda colugo (Galeopterus variegates) in Malaysia, despite it being one of only two known species in the order Dermoptera. Data on the presence of the Sunda colugo and the vernacular names used by various ethnic groups throughout Malaysia were collected and compiled from various primary and secondary sources. There were 27 locations from Peninsular, 11 locations from Sabah and 34 locations from Sarawak that reported the presence of the Sunda colugo throughout Malaysia. The various ethnic groups of Malaysia adopted 37 different vernacular names to describe the Sunda colugo. This baseline data can be useful for the management authorities in conducting periodic monitoring and will enhance our knowledge of the population dynamics of the Sunda colugo in Malaysia.

Keywords: Distribution, Vernacular Name, Galeopterus variegatus, Sunda Colugo, Malaysia

INTRODUCTION

The two known species of Colugo are the Sunda colugo (Galeopterus variegatus) and the Philippine colugo (Cynocephalus volans) (Stafford 2005; Francis 2008). The species, Colugo, contains four known subspecies: G. v. variegatus found in Java, G. v. temminckii found in Sumatra, G. v. borneanus found in Borneo and G. v. peninsulae found in Peninsular Malaysia (Stafford & Szalay 2000). However, recent molecular and morphological data provide evidence that the Javan, the Borneo and the mainland Sunda colugo are recognised as three distinct species in the genus Galeopterus (Janecka et al. 2008). This species can be found throughout Southeast Asia ranging from southern Burma, Thailand, southern Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo (Corbet & Hill 1992; Stafford 2005), Laos (Ruggeri & Etterson 1998), Bali and many smaller Indonesian Islands (Francis 2008). C. volans can be found in southern parts of the Philippines (Stafford 2005). Wischusen (1990) stated that the rapid loss of forested habitat may threaten and endanger both the Philippine colugo (C. volans) and the Sunda colugo (G. variegatus) throughout this region. Boeadi and Steinmetz (2008) stated that the Sunda colugo is listed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), while Francis (2008) categorised the Sunda colugo as Near Threatened. Moreover, the lack of local knowledge on the Sunda colugo (e.g., distribution) may result in ineffective conservation enforcement and increased risk of local extinction.

In Malaysia, there are places where the name of the Sunda colugo, or known as Kubong, is adopted to Labu Kubung, Bukit Kubung or Tanjung Kubung. It is important to understand the presence of the Sunda colugo throughout Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. However, the reports are scattered, not published and many are not formally documented (e.g., personal observations by visitors and local knowledge) making it difficult to obtain information on the distribution of this species.

The main objective of this study was to collect primary and secondary information to update the knowledge of the distribution of the Sunda colugo in Malaysia and to identify the locations where the Sunda colugo existed. In addition, the vernacular names used to identify the Sunda colugo from different ethnic communities were also collected and gathered to ease communication among various ethnic groups and for future surveying in Malaysia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The available information on the distribution of the Sunda colugo in various locations such as protected areas, non-protected areas, places of interest and other places throughout Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak was compiled through observations, personal interviews and secondary information (e.g., photographs, video, interviews, books, the internet, reports and research articles). During informal interviews, respondents were asked casually of their knowledge of the whereabouts of the Sunda colugo. In some cases, verification of the information obtained was impossible due to lack of time, resources and accessibility to the area.

All references on the distribution and vernacular names used for the Sunda colugo were documented and compiled. The references cited based on the internet (e.g., image galleries and blogs) and from interviews were cited as Dzulhelmi (2010) and noted as not verified by authors (NV) unless otherwise stated, because the future researchers might not be able to retrieve the same information from the internet or the same individual due to the dynamic nature of the internet and people, respectively. The authentic references based on the internet (e.g., image galleries and blogs) can be found in Dzulhelmi (2010). Nevertheless, proper documentation (e.g., journals, books) is needed for future reference.

RESULTS

Distribution

Peninsular Malaysia

All states, except Kuala Lumpur, reported the presence of the Sunda colugo in Peninsular Malaysia as shown in Table 1. Various sources have reported the presences of the Sunda Colugo in 27 locations in 11 states. The reports are from the following sources: Chasen and Kloss (1929), Lim (1967), World Wildlife Fund (1977), Medway (1978), Kemper (1988), Corbet and Hill (1992), Lim et al. (1999), Bowden (2000), Sahir and Lim (2000), Mohd-Nor et al. (2001), Lim and Chai (2002), Shahrul-Anuar and Ibrahim (2006), Ahmad (2007), Awdry (2007), Lim (2007), Dzulhelmi (2010) and by personal interviews. The distribution map of the Sunda colugo in Peninsular Malaysia is shown in Figure 1.

Table 1:

The locations of the Sunda colugo in Peninsular Malaysia.

No. States Location Status References Colugo
Peninsular
1 Perlis Perlis State Park PA Mohd-Nor et al. (2001) √
2 Kedah Ulu Muda and Pedu Lake Forest Reserve PA Dzulhelmi (2010) NV
3 Gunung Jerai State Park PA World Wildlife Fund (1977) √
4 Gunung Raya Forest Reserve PA Dzulhelmi (2010) NV
5 Berjaya Langkawi Resort PA Dzulhelmi (2010) NV
6 Pulau Pinang Penang National Park PA Shahrul-Anuar and Ibrahim (2006); Ahmad (2007) √
7 Telok Bahang Forest Park PA Dzulhelmi (2010) NV
8 Keracut Beach (Turtle hatching) PA Dzulhelmi (2010) NV
9 Perak Kuala Kurau (Taiping) NPA Interview (UNIMAS student) NV
10 Pangkor Islands PA Medway (1978); Interview (Lumut citizen) √
11 Lenggong (Gerik) NPA Dzulhelmi (2010) NV
12 Selangor Ulu Gombak Nature Reserve PA Lim (1967) √
13 Forest Research Institute Malaysia NPA Interview (Shahfiz Azman) NV
14 Negeri Sembilan Pasoh Forest Reserve PA Kemper (1988) √
15 Malacca Unidentified location NPA Awdry (2007) NV
16 Johor Aur Islands PA Chasen and Kloss (1929); Corbet and Hill (1992) √
17 Gunung Ledang Johor National Park PA Dzulhelmi (2010) √
18 Endau-Rompin National Park PA Lim (2007) √
19 Panti Forest Reserve PA Lim (2007) √
20 Tioman Islands PA Lim et al. (1999) √
21 Pahang Taman Negara National Park PA Bowden (2000) √
22 Kerau Forest Reserve PA Sahir and Lim (2000) √
23 Semangko NPA Corbet and Hill (1992) √
24 Fraser Hill (Bukit Kutu) PA Dzulhelmi (2010) √
25 Genting Highlands PA Lim and Chai (2002) √
26 Kelantan Tanah Merah NPA Interview (Kassim bin Yunus) NV
27 Terengganu Perhentian Islands PA Chasen and Kloss (1929) √
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Notes: NV: Not verified by author; NA: Data not available; √: Present; NPA: Non-protected areas or unknown status; PA: National or state parks, protected areas or reserves.

Figure 1:

Figure 1:

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The distribution of the Sunda Colugo in states of Peninsular Malaysia.

Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

Sabah

Of the five main divisions in Sabah, four divisions, excluding the Interior Division, reported the presence of the Sunda colugo as shown in Table 2. There are 11 locations noted by various sources including: Chasen and Kloss (1929), Lim (1967), Yasuma and Andau (2000), Tuen et al. (2002), Lim (2007), Dzulhelmi (2010) and personal interviews. The distribution map of the Sunda colugo in Sabah is shown in Figure 2.

Table 2:

The location of the Sunda colugo in Sabah.

No. State Location Status References Colugo
Sabah
28 West Coast Kinabalu National Park PA Yasuma and Andau (2000) √
29 Poring Hot Spring Nature Reserve PA Lim (2007) √
30 Ulu Papar (Kaiduan) NPA Yasuma and Andau (2000) √
31 Tawau Tawau Hills Park PA Yasuma and Andau (2000) √
32 Danum Valley Conservation area PA Lim (2007) √
33 Tabin Wildlife Reserve PA Dzulhelmi (2010) NV
34 Quoin Hill NPA Lim (1967) √
35 Kudat Banggi Islands PA Chasen and Kloss (1929) √
36 Balambangan Islands PA Tuen et al., (2002) √
37 Sandakan Sepilok Forest Reserve PA Yasuma and Andau (2000) √
38 Kinabatangan River and Sukau PA Interview (Sarawak Park Guide) NV
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Notes: NV: Not verified by author; NA: Data not available; √: Present; NPA: Non-protected areas or unknown status; PA: National or state parks, protected areas or reserves.

Figure 2:

Figure 2:

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The distribution of the Sunda colugo in the division of Sabah, Malaysia.

Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

Sarawak

A total of 34 locations from 7 divisions confirmed the presence of the Sunda colugo in Sarawak as shown in Table 3. There were no data obtained on the presence of the Sunda colugo from the four divisions of Sri Aman, Sibu, Betong and Sarikei. These sources were obtained from Davis (1958), Kool and Nawi (1995), Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2002), Dagang (2005), Karim et al. (2004), Ketol et al. (2006), Mohd-Azlan and Fauzi (2006), Rambli and Gumal (2007), Anwarali-Khan et al. (2008), Beavitt and Tuen (2010), Dzulhelmi (2010) and through personal interviews. The distribution map of the Sunda colugo in Sarawak is shown in Figure 3.

Table 3:

The locations of the Sunda colugo in Sarawak.

No. State Location Status References Colugo
Sarawak
39 Kuching Bako National Park PA Ketol et al. (2006) √
40 Kubah National Park PA Dagang (2005) √
41 Kuching Wetlands National Park PA Beavitt and Tuen (2010) √
42 Samajaya Nature Reserve PA Dagang (2005) √
43 Wind Cave Nature Reserve area PA Observation by M. T. Abdullah √
44 Semenggoh Nature Reserve PA Interview (Sarawak Park Guide) NV
45 Fairy Cave area NPA Ketol et al. (2006) √
46 Gold mine (Bau) NPA Ketol et al. 2006 √
47 Bau Limestone area NPA Karim et al. (2004) √
48 6.5 mile Rock road NPA Kool and Nawi (1995) √
49 13th Mile NPA Kool and Nawi (1995) √
50 Salak NPA Kool and Nawi (1995) √
51 Sungai Sabun NPA Kool and Nawi (1995) √
52 Mount Poi, Lundu NPA Kool and Nawi (1995) √
53 Teluk Bandong NPA Kool and Nawi (1995) √
54 Bongkissam, Santubong NPA Kool and Nawi (1995) √
55 Tapuh NPA Kool and Nawi (1995) √
56 Sadong River NPA Kool and Nawi (1995) √
57 Long Luping NPA Kool and Nawi (1995) √
58 Ulu Tutoh NPA Kool and Nawi (1995) √
59 Sematan NPA Kool and Nawi (1995) √
60 Samarahan Kg. Malaban Lumut PA Ketol et al. (2006) √
61 Kg. Sebayur PA Ketol et al. (2006) √
62 Kg. Bidak Plawan PA Mohd-Azlan and Fauzi (2006) √
63 Mukah Mukah NPA Kool and Nawi (1995) √
64 Bintulu Purchidi (Sungai Serang) NPA Kool and Nawi (1995) √
65 Limbang Kelabit NPA Davis (1958) √
66 Miri Gunung Mulu National Park PA Hazebroek and Abang Kashim (2002) √
67 Niah National Park PA Anwarali-Khan et al. (2008) √
68 Lambir Hill National Park PA Dzulhelmi (2010) NV
69 Loagan Bunut National Park PA Rambli and Gumal (2007) √
70 Baram NPA Kool and Nawi (1995) √
71 Subis (Niah Cave) PA Kool and Nawi (1995) √
72 Kapit Nanga Segenok NPA Mohd-Azlan and Fauzi (2006) √
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Notes: NV: Not verified by author; NA: Data not available; √: Present; NPA: Non-protected areas or unknown status; PA: National or state parks, protected areas or reserves.

Figure 3:

Figure 3:

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The distribution of the Sunda colugo at the division of Sarawak, Malaysia.

Note: Figure is not drawn to scale.

The Vernacular Names

The vernacular names given to the Sunda colugo varied greatly in Malaysia (Peninsular, Sabah and Sarawak) due to Malaysia being a multiracial country with various ethnicities and cultures. There are 37 local names used by various ethnic groups to describe the Sunda colugo according to Medway (1978), Yasuma and Andau (2000), Rambli and Gumal (2007) and also by personal interviews with locals as listed in Table 4.

Table 4:

The list of ethnic names used for the Sunda colugo in Malaysia (Peninsular, Sabah and Sarawak).

Location Ethnicity Vernacular name
Peninsular Malaysia North region Malay Kabong
Centre and Southern Malay Kubung Lumut, Kubung Pelanduk
East coast Malay Koluga
Tioman Islands Kujul
Sabah Bawo, Basap, Pasir, Banjar Kung
Benuaq Kuukng
Bukit, Benuaq Kuung
Belait Kamal
Bisaya Kagui
Dusun Kagu, Kuwungk
Kadazan, Western Sabah, Central Sabah Langah, Tagaut, Tagawat, Tangah
Kadayan Kubung
Kayan, Punan, Sungai Tubu (East Kalimantan) Kuvung
Kenyah-Badung Kubung Pelanuk
Lun Dayek, Punan (Northern Sarawak, Brunei) Kubung
Ma’anyan Kuwung
Modan Keuong
Murut Apuyut, Apuyut Palanuk, Opoyut
Tidung Kubung
Tutong Manuk Pasu
Sarawak Berawan Niko
Bidayuh Kubong Mayas, Kubung Pelanduk, Kubong
Iban Kubong Pelanduk, Ngukobong
Sarawakian (Malay) Kubong Pelanduk, Kubong Belias
Kelabit Kubong Badan, Kubong Palanok
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DISCUSSION

Distributions

The habitats used by the Sunda colugo are gardens, secondary forests (Payne et al. 1985), lowland and upland forests (Feldhamer et al. 2003), mountainous areas (Lim 1967), rubber and coconut plantations (Hill 1993), lowland dipterocarp forest and mangroves (Yasuma & Andau 2000). These diverse habitats allow for the possibility of the presence of the Sunda colugo in a multitude of areas including rural places. Sunda colugo have been sighted rooting in tree holes or on palm fronds (Medway 1978) and sometimes hanging beneath branches (Hill 1993; Dzulhelmi & Abdullah 2009a) during the day. Several factors that have been noted to influence the roosting selection include both environmental (Dzulhelmi & Abdullah 2009b; Dzulhelmi 2010) and behavioural factors (Dzulhelmi & Abdullah 2009a). The Sunda colugo are hunted by locals with shotguns or other equipment (e.g., spears) for food (Mohd-Azlan & Fauzi 2006) and fur to make hats and other decorations. Moreover, habitat loss is causing a decline in the population of the Sunda colugo (Francis 2008) that contributes to a drastic population decline of this species (Ketol et al. 2006). Predators, such as the Changeable Hawk-Eagle, were reported to attack the Sunda colugo (Lim 2007).

The Vernacular Names

The vernacular names used to describe the Sunda colugo may differ from one area to another although the ethnic communities are the same. Knowing the vernacular names used by the locals is important for conducting interviews, as many locals are not familiar with the common terminology used. Despite the common terminology used, the Sunda colugo can also be described and identified by showing and illustrating pictures to the locals (Fig. 4). However, the locals may know and have seen the species but may not know the right terminology used to describe the Sunda colugo in their native language. This is because urbanisation of a particular area may force the animal to leave, causing locals to be unfamiliar with that species. The future generations may not have the chance to use the exact terminology to describe the Sunda colugo in their native language if there is not proper documentation.

Figure 4:

Figure 4:

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A Sunda colugo (G. variegatus) with its young climbing a bole of a tree in Bako National Park, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This study identifies the locations of the occurrence of the Sunda colugo in Malaysia (Peninsular, Sabah and Sarawak) even though field studies were not conducted to reconfirm and estimate the population and conservation status of the Sunda colugo. The information available on the presence of the Sunda colugo in 27 (Peninsular), 11 (Sabah) and 34 (Sarawak) locations from various states and divisions indicates the high probability that the Sunda colugo still remains as Not Threatened in Malaysia. However, the population estimation in Malaysia should be calculated from the distribution information available.

Currently, the conservation status of the Sunda calugo is categorised as Least Concern by the IUCN (Boeadi & Steinmetz 2008). Hill (1993) stated that the Sunda colugo is not endangered but may be threatened due to habitat destruction and deforestation and Francis (2008) categorised it as Near Threatened. However, the information does not represent concrete evidence for the Sunda colugo populations in Malaysia. It is known that habitat loss due to deforestation for human needs occasionally occurs especially in developing countries such as Malaysia.

Thus, for long term conservation, population estimation and population dynamics are urgently needed and should be a top priority (Wischusen 1990). This baseline data can be useful for management authorities in conducting periodic monitoring and would enhance information on the population dynamics of the Sunda colugo (Dzulhelmi 2010). Furthermore, in situ conservation measurements and long-term monitoring programs through periodic field surveys should be conducted to help preserve the potential habitats of the Sunda colugo and keep it from being destroyed by human intervention.

In Singapore, Lim (2007) successfully estimated the Sunda colugo. In addition, awareness programs on the presence of the Sunda colugo were also recently conducted (Lim 2007). Awareness programs should also be available in Malaysia by sharing information of the Sunda Colugo through media and conducting activities (e.g., Colugo watch) that would benefit the locals. One activity would be to train the locals to search for the Sunda colugo while visiting places of interest (e.g., recreation parks) during night walks. To initiate these programs, potential recommended locations are at The Bako National Park in Sarawak (Dzulhelmi & Abdullah 2009b), The Poring Hot Spring Nature Reserve in Sabah and The Langkawi Islands in Peninsular Malaysia (Lim 2007), as these are the known places where the Sunda colugo are easily found.

The documentation of the vernacular names used to describe the Sunda colugo is important for interviewing the locals of a particular area whether this species exists at their area or not. Sometimes the locals may have seen the Sunda colugo but may not know the specific terminology used to describe this species. In this circumstance, pictures and illustrations of the Sunda colugo can be useful tools for describing this species while interviewing the locals (Figure 4). In other instances, there are locations where the Sunda colugo was known to inhabit but no longer exists. This may be due to local extinction due to depletion of the habitat of the Sunda colugo.

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