Abstract
Objectives. Retrospective study was designed to examine the importance of tissue kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) expression in predicting kidney function in sixty patients (27 males) aged 34.15 ± 12.23 years with different kidney diseases over three years after kidney biopsy. Materials and Methods. Tissue KIM-1 expression was determined immunohistochemically and KIM-1 staining was scored semiquantitatively, as well as tubulointerstitialis (TIN), inflammation, atrophy, and fibrosis. Kidney function (MDRD formula) and proteinuria/day were evaluated at the time of biopsy (GFR0) and 6, 12, 24, and 36 months later. Results. Significantly positive correlations between tissue KIM-1 expression and age (r = 0.313), TIN inflammation (r = 0.456), fibrosis (r = 0.317), and proteinuria at 6 months (r = 0.394) as well as negative correlations with GFR0 (r = −0.572), GFR6 (r = −0.442), GFR24 (r = −0.398), and GFR36 (r = −0.412) were found. Meanwhile, TIN inflammation was the best predictor of all measured kidney functions during three years, while tissue KIM-1 expression (P = 0.016) was a predictor only at 6 months after biopsy. Conclusion. Tissue KIM-1 expression significantly predicts kidney function solely at 6 months after biopsy, when the effects of immune and nonimmune treatments are the strongest.
1. Introduction
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a number of comorbidities and prognosis is poor, because many patients experience progression to end-stage renal disease [1]. Also, in the majority of patients disease progression may be altered due to more or less suitable immunosuppressive protocol treatments and therapeutic approaches. The mechanisms of injury underlying progression are blurred, but traditional opinion pointed to an association between decline in renal function with the degree of proteinuria and histological findings of glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis [2, 3].
Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a new specific biomarker of proximal tubule injury that can be measured both in urine and kidney tissue samples. It is an apoptotic-cell phagocytosis and scavenger receptor that is most highly upregulated in proximal tubular epithelium in acute and chronic kidney injury [4]. Also, much attention has been paid to its possible pathophysiological role in modulation of tubular damage and repair [5–7].
Besides a close relationship between tissue KIM-1 expression and urinary KIM-1 concentration, our previous six-month prospective pilot study showed that KIM-1 expression in tissue correlated better with TIN features and renal function in different chronic kidney diseases than with urinary KIM-1 concentration [8]. Therefore, that investigation was the basis of this long-term retrospective study, where only KIM-1 tissue expression as a predictor of long-term kidney function was examined.
The aim of this retrospective investigation was to evaluate (1) possible associations between tissue KIM-1 expression and tubulointerstitial (TIN) inflammation, atrophy, and fibrosis in different chronic kidney diseases and (2) possible associations between tissue KIM-1 expression and some demographic and laboratory parameters as well as kidney function and proteinuria at the time of biopsy and 6, 12, 24, and 36 months later.
2. Methods
2.1. Patients
The retrospective study included 60 patients (27 men) of mean age 34.42 ± 12.15 years (range 18–59 years), who were hospitalized in the Clinical Center of Serbia for kidney biopsy from 2006 to 2009. Indications for kidney biopsy were nephrotic syndrome, pathologic proteinuria without nephrotic syndrome, and abnormal urinary sediment (erythrocyturia and leukocyturia) in several samples.
Pathohistological analysis revealed minimal change glomerulonephritis (MCGN) in two patients, non-IgA GN in nine, IgA GN in six, membranous and membranoproliferative GN in seven patients each, focal glomerulosclerosis in eleven, lupus nephritis in ten, and crescentic GN in eight patients. After diagnosis, the participants were treated according to established protocols for each type of GN with immunological and nonimmunological therapy (nonsalt diets, statins, angiotensin-converting-enzyme-ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor type 1 blockers ATB).
The investigation was planned according to the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The institutional review committee approved our study protocol therebys following local biomedical research regulations (IRB No. 877/7).
2.2. Laboratory Methods
A complete blood count; serum urea and creatinine, albumin; lipid status, and urine sediment were determined in blood and urine samples collected 1 day before kidney biopsy as well proteinuria/day. Only samples with a sterile urine culture were processed. Urine sediments with more than 3 RBC/hpf or 5 WBC/hpf were defined as clinically significant erythrocyturia or leukocyturia. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated with a shortened version of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD; patients ≥18 years) [9].
2.2.1. Morphological Changes
Alteration in TIN were assessed after routine hematoxylin-eosin staining by a qualified nephropathologist who was not familiar with the preset histopathologic or clinical diagnosis, nor the identity of patients. Inflammation activity was then scored numerically (0: no inflammation, 1: slightly marked inflammation, 2: moderate inflammation, and 3: strong inflammation) as well as atrophy and fibrosis advancement (0: no atrophy and no fibrosis, 1: slightly marked atrophy and fibrosis, 2: moderate atrophy and fibrosis, 3: very pronounced atrophy and fibrosis).
2.2.2. Kim-1 Expression in Tissue
After deparaffinization tissue samples were rehydrated and stained immunohistochemically for KIM-1 using the tissue KIM-1/TIM-1 kit (R & D Systems Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) with contrasting hematoxylin and eosin staining. A tubule was considered to be KIM-1 positive if it contained at least one KIM-1 positive cell regardless of whether the KIM-1 expression was cytoplasmic or apical. KIM-1 staining was scored semiquantitatively by estimating the percentage of cortical tubules expressing KIM-1 per field (the complete biopsy area was scored, with a minimum of five fields; in controls 30 fields were scored). Then the score was assigned to each tissue sample as shown in Table 1 [10]. Unaffected parts of kidneys from patients with renal cell carcinoma were used as the negative control.
Table 1.
Tissue samples scoring system based on percentage of KIM-1 positive tubules.
| % KIM-1 positive tubules | Score |
|---|---|
| 0 | 0 |
| 0.1–12.5 | 0.5 |
| 12.6–25.0 | 1 |
| 25.1–50.0 | 2 |
| 50.1–75.0 | 3 |
| 75.1–100 | 4 |
The 6-, 12-, 24-, and 36-month followup for all patients included measurement of serum creatinine concentration, eGFR, and proteinuria.
2.3. Statistics
Data are presented as mean ±1 standard deviation (SD) and the range of values. The one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check for normal distribution of the variables. Relationships between variables were estimated using Pearson's rank and Spearmen's correlation tests as appropriate. Correlations or differences were considered statistically significant if two-tailed P < 0.05. Independent predictors of renal function 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after the kidney biopsy were identified by stepwise multivariant regression analysis. All calculations were performed using SPSS software.
3. Results
Table 2 presents the demographic, clinical, and laboratory data for the patients at the time of kidney biopsy.
Table 2.
Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of patients at the time of kidney biopsy.
| Variables | X ± SD |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 34.42 ± 12.15 |
| Gender (M/F) | 27/33 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 98.55 ± 10.17 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 122.40 ± 27.28 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 29.08 ± 9.73 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 185.50 ± 186.28 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 58.39 ± 35.93 |
| Proteinuria (g/day) | 5.25 ± 4.36 |
MAP: mean arterial pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Tissue KIM-1 expression was significantly induced in all kidney biopsies except in one patient with MCGN. Tissue KIM-1 had a typically apical localization, but it could also be found in the cytoplasm with no apparent affinity for the apical membrane of tubulocytes. KIM-1 positive tubules were located mainly in the TIN regions affected by inflammation or fibrosis but were not observed in regions with end-stage fibrosis. KIM-1 positive tubules were often dilated cortical tubules, sometimes with initial signs of atrophy. Completely atrophic tubules were KIM-1 negative (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
KIM-1 positive tubules are of intense red color. (a) Apical membrane of tubulocytes has the strongest affinity for KIM-1 specific antibodies. (b) Entire cytoplasm of tubulocytes has strong affinity for KIM-1 specific antibodies.
Univariate analysis showed significant positive associations between tissue KIM-1 expression and age (r = 0.313; P = 0.015), TIN inflammation (r = 0.4563; P = 0.004), TIN fibrosis (r = 0.317; P = 0.021), and hemoglobin (r = −0.440; P = 0.001) as well as negative associations with albumin concentration (r = −0.376; P = 0.011) and eGFR (r = −0.572; P < 0.001) at the time of biopsy and 6 (r = −0.442; P = 0.002), 24 (r = −0.398; P = 0.012), and 36 (r = −0.412; P = 0.015) months later. Tissue KIM-1 expression correlated significantly only with proteinuria/day 6 months after biopsy (r = 0.394; P = 0.026) but not with proteinuria at the time of biopsy and 12, 24, and 36 months later.
Table 3 gives the correlation coefficients between eGFR at the time of biopsy and 6, 12, 24, and 36 months later and the examined variables. Multivariant stepwise regression analysis showed that the best predictor of kidney function at the time of biopsy (eGFR 0) was TIN inflammation (P < 0.001), as well as of eGFR12 (P = 0.015), eGFR 24 (P = 0.039), and eGFR 36 (P = 0.012). However tissue KIM-1 expression was the best predictor of eGFR 6 (P = 0.016) along with TIN inflammation (P = 0.016) (Table 4). Figure 2 presents the linear correlation between TIN inflammation (P < 0.001), tissue KIM-1 expression (P < 0.001), and eGFR 6.
Table 3.
Correlation coefficients between eGFR at the time of biopsy and 6, 12, 24, and 36 months later and measured variables.
| eGFR 0 | eGFR 6 | eGFR 12 | eGFR 24 | eGFR 36 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | −0.273 | — | — | — | — |
| KIM-1 tissue expression | −0.572 | −0.340 | — | −0.378 | −0.374 |
| TIN atrophy | −0.444 | −0.305 | −0.403 | — | — |
| TIN inflammation | −0.713 | −0.309 | −0.434 | −0.369 | −0.518 |
| TIN fibrosis | −0.378 | −0.381 | −0.352 | — | — |
| Prt 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Prt 6 | — | — | −0.575 | −0.511 |
TIN: tubulo-interstitialis; eGFR 0: estimated glomerular filtration rate at the time of biopsy; eGFR 6: estimated glomerular filtration rate 6 months after biopsy; eGFR 12: estimated glomerular filtration rate 12 months after biopsy; eGFR 24: estimated glomerular filtration rate 12 months after biopsy; eGFR 24: estimated glomerular filtration rate 24 months after biopsy; eGFR 36: estimated glomerular filtration rate 36 months after biopsy.
Prt 0: proteinuria/day at the time of biopsy; prt 6: proteinura/day 6 months after biopsy; prt 12: proteinuria/day 12 months after biopsy.
Table 4.
Results of stepwise multivariate regression analysis with estimated glomerular filtration rate 6 months after biopsy as dependant variable.
| Coefficientsa | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Unstandardized coefficients | Standardized coefficients | t | Sig. | |
| B | Std. error | Beta | |||
| TIN inflammation | −15.878 | 4.482 | −.493 | −3.542 | .001 |
| TIN inflammation | −11.763 | 4.511 | −.366 | −2.607 | .013 |
| KIM1 tissue percent | −.650 | .259 | −.353 | −2.515 | .016 |
aDependent variable: eGFR 6.
TIN: tubulointerstitialis; eGFR6: estimated glomerular filtration rate 6 months after biopsy.
Figure 2.
Linear correlation between TIN inflammation (P = 0.000), tissue KIM-1 expression (P = 0.000), and eGFR 6 months after kidney biopsy.
4. Discussion
In our previous 6-month prospective study, we found higher urine KIM-1 concentrations in twenty chronic renal patients than in control subjects and a significant positive correlation between urine KIM-1 level and KIM-1 expression in tissue [8]. Although, urine KIM-1 content reflected tissue KIM-1 expression, tissue KIM-1 correlated better with TIN inflammation and fibrosis as well as with kidney function at the time of biopsy and 3 and 6 months later. Therefore, we retrospectively examined sixty patients with different kidney diseases in order to evaluate the importance of tissue KIM-1 expression in predicting kidney function in the ensuing 36 months after kidney biopsy.
In the present study tissue KIM-1 expression was associated with both TIN inflammation activity and TIN fibrosis. In addition, KIM-1 positive tubules were located in parts of the cortex that were imbued with inflammatory infiltrate and/or fibrotic changes but not in completely atrophic areas. It is well known that the expression of KIM-1 in tubules is associated with inflammation and TIN damage [11]. Double-labeling studies have shown simultaneous expression of KIM-1 and markers of prefibrotic changes, repair, and chemotaxis [10, 11]. The study of van Timmeren et al. [10] also demonstrated a connection between KIM-1 expression in tissue, interstitial fibrosis, and macrophage accumulation. Ichimura et al. [7] first showed that tubular epithelial cells expressing KIM-1 on their surface could act as phagocytes for apoptotic and necrotic renal epithelial cells. KIM-1 is expressed predominantly in renal tubules, which, judging by the simultaneous expression of markers of dedifferentiation [10], are currently under the influence of agents that cause injury, but is absent from completely atrophic tubules. Controversy remains about the function of KIM-1: is it actively regulating the inflammatory process? or is its expression just a response to damage, attempted recovery, and/or repair? [11].
The present study revealed a significant negative correlation between tissue KIM-1 expression and all estimated GFR at the time of kidney biopsy and 6, 24, and 36 months later. However multivariate analysis pointed to TIN inflammation, but neither TIN fibrosis nor proteinuria, as the best predictor of kidney function at biopsy and 6, 12, 24, and 36 months afterwards. However, along with TIN inflammation, tissue KIM-1 expression was the best predictor of kidney function 6 months after biopsy.
Interstitial infiltration of inflammatory cells can be seen in a variety of immune and nonimmune kidney diseases and is thought to play a significant role in TIN damage and fibrosis. Upon exposure to high protein concentrations, renal tubule cells produce a host of chemokines, vasoactive mediators, and adhesion molecules, which may contribute to interstitial fibrosis [12]. Protocol immunosuppressive therapy and treatment with ACE inhibitors and AT blockers for chronic renal patients with different chronic immune and nonimmune-mediated kidney disorders proven by biopsy have the strongest effects during the first 6 months of therapy. The severity of pretreatment TIN damage predicts a dulled response to renoprotective intervention, with a worse long-term renal outcome [13]. Therefore, we can speculate that patients with less interstitial inflammation at the time of kidney biopsy will have a more favorable response to treatment and better kidney function afterwards. Also, the finding that KIM-1 was the strongest predictor of kidney function 6 months after biopsy along with TIN inflammation may support the hypothesis about its potential role in the development of interstitial fibrosis and an unsatisfactory treatment response.
Association between higher urinary KIM-1 levels and poorer kidney function was found in some human studies in native [10, 14] and transplanted kidneys [15] but data on human tissue KIM-1 expression are scarce. Zhang et al. [16] found that KIM-1 expression in transplant biopsies is a sensitive measure of cell injury. In addition, they showed that more intense KIM-1 staining predicts a better graft outcome over the ensuing 18 months and speculated that its level of expression may be an indicator of graft function recovery.
It is well known that proteinuria is an ominous biomarker of progressive kidney disease [2] and our study revealed that only proteinuria 6 months after kidney biopsy correlated negatively with kidney function 24 and 36 months after the biopsies and positively with KIM-1 expression in tissue. Earlier investigations [10, 14, 17] have yielded conflicting data regarding the relationship between urinary KIM-1 level or tissue KIM-1 expression and proteinuria. One explanation may be that proteinuria is not always accompanied by TIN damage and a progressive decline in renal function [18, 19]. Data regarding the selectivity of proteinuria were not available for the purposes of this study.
5. Conclusion
The present study exposed a strong association between KIM-1 tissue staining and TIN inflammation and fibrosis but not with TIN atrophy. Although multivariate analysis pointed to TIN inflammation, as the best predictor of kidney function at biopsy and 6, 12, 24, and 36 months later, tissue KIM-1 expression is one of the best predictor of kidney function 6 months after biopsy, the time when treatment effects are the strongest. Therefore, we can speculate that KIM-1 has a potential role in the development of interstitial fibrosis and poor treatment responses.
The major limitation of this investigation is the relatively small number of patients examined but it could be the basis for a larger prospective follow-up study for evaluation of urinary KIM-1 concentration and tissue KIM-1 expression in patients with various chronic and acute renal diseases.
Conflict of Interests
All the authors have declared no competing interests.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia (Project no. 175089).
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