Abstract
Background
Nosocomial infections constitute a global health problem.
Objectives
To explore the relationship between nosocomial infection rates (NIRs) and climatic factors including temperature and relative humidity in Guangzhou area of China.
Methods
30892 patients in our hospital in 2009 were investigated for nosocomial infection status, and the contemporaneous temperature and relative humidity were analyzed statistically. NIRs increased with relative humidity and temperature in central ICU and geriatric department.
Results
No statistical differences were found between each quarter of 2009 in the distribution of nosocomial infection sites. There were no statistical differences in the pathogenic species of nosocomial infections between high-temperature and low-temperature months in different departments. NIRs had a correlation with temperature and relative humidity in geriatric department and central ICU.
Conclusions
To decrease NIRs and improve health care quality, it is necessary to strengthen the control of temperature and humidity especially for geriatric department and central ICU.
Keywords: climate conditions, temperature, relative humidity, nosocomial infection
Introduction
With the development of modern medical techniques for diagnosis and treatment, heavy use of antibiotics and increased invasive tests and procedures, nosocomial infections constitute a global health problem. It leads to prolonged hospital stay, increased expenses and high mortality rates, causing severe economic losses to both patients and hospitals1. Many factors have effects on nosocomial infection, including host factors (age, diet, hormone level, etc.) and environmental factors (climatic characteristics, ventilation condition and medical sanitary conditions)2. However, it is still unclear how climate changes affect the occurrence of nosocomial infection. Guangzhou has a subtropical climate with special temperature and humidity. The average annual temperature in Guangzhou is about 22°C and the average temperature is as high as 13°C even in the coldest January. The mean annual rainfall amount in Guangzhou is about 1700 mm and the humidity is relatively high. In addition, the average annual wind velocity is only about 1.9 m/s. Based on the climate change in 2009, we conducted a retrospective study on nosocomial infections in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, to explore the relation between climate and NIRs.
It should be noted that, in some hospitals especially those in developing countries the wards are generally open and the temperature and humidity are not controlled. Furthermore, the humidity is often not well controlled in central ICU even if the temperature is controlled using air-conditioning. In other words, the wards are greatly affected or determined by the ambient conditions. Therefore, effects of ambient conditions were investigated, which may be helpful especially for hospitals in developing countries.
Methods
Clinical data
Combining with nosocomial infection data provided by clinicians, professional personnel performed a retrospective analysis of hospitalized patients from Jan. 1st to Dec. 31st in 2009. Nosocomial infections in 30892 hospitalized patients were analyzed statistically, especially for NIRs, infection sites (ICU: central ICU; HD: Hematology department; GD: Geriatric department; ND: Neurology department) and pathogen classification in central ICU, hematology department, geriatric department and neurology department. The investigation received ethics approval from the Ethics Committee of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University.
Meteorological data
Data of average monthly temperature and relative humidity in Guangzhou in 2009 were provided by Guangzhou meteorological bureau.
Diagnostic criteria
The diagnosis of nosocomial infection was made according to the hospital infection diagnostic criteria (2001) issued by People's Republic of China.3
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was executed by SPSS 14.0 software. Multiple regression analysis (partial correlation analysis) was used to assess average monthly temperature and relative humidity. Nosocomial infection sites in different quarters were analyzed based on variance analysis. Probability values less than 0.05 were considered to indicate statistically significant differences.
Results
Correlation of NIRs with temperature and relative humidity
Average monthly temperature and relative humidity in 2009 were calculated in centralICU, hematology department, geriatric department and neurology department (figures 1 and 2). The relation of NIRs to temperature and relative humidity was analyzed. With temperature as a control factor, multiple regression analysis was done between relative humidity and NIRs, and partial correlation coefficient (r) was obtained. NIRs increased with relative humidity in central ICU (r = 0.608, p = 0.047) and geriatric department (r = 0.745, p = 0.009). No correlation was found in hematology department (r = 0.112, p =0.742), neurology department (r = 0.145, p = 0.670) or the whole hospital (r = 0.322, p =0.334). With relative humidity as a control factor, multiple regression analysis was performed between temperature and NIRs. NIRs increased with temperature in central ICU (r = 0.725, p = 0.012) and geriatric department (r = 0.857, p = 0.001). No correlation was found in hematology department (r = 0. 301, p= 0.369), neurology department (r = −0.048, P = 0.887) or the whole hospital (r = −0.103, p = 0.764).
Figure 1.
Average monthly temperature (a), relative humidity (b) andnosocomial infection rates (NIRs) (c) in 2009 among different departments
Figure 2.
Relation of nosocomial infection sites to temperature and relative humidity
Relation of nosocomial infection sites to temperature and relative humidity
Based on the special climate in Guangzhou, Nov., Dec. and Jan. are regarded as the same quarter, and the rest can be deduced accordingly. Mean temperature from the first to fourth quarter were 15.18 °C, 20.43 °C, 27.71 °C, 27.84 °C, and relative humidity were 63.38%, 76.67%, 74.27%, 69.23%, respectively. There were no statistical differences between each quarter of 2009 in the distribution of nosocomial infection sites (upper respiratory infection, lower respiratory infection, urinary tract infection, other infections) (F = 12.557, P = 0.184, figure 2). High-temperature and low-temperature months in 2009 were separated to analyze the distribution of pathogenic species of nosocomial infections in central ICU, hematology department, geriatric department and neurology department as shown in table 1. Data were analyzed with the Chi-square method. No statistical differences were found in pathogen distribution between high-temperature and low-temperature months in different departments (p > 0.05).
Table 1.
Pathogen distribution of nosocomial infections in high-temperature and low-temperature months of 2009 in different departments
| Pathogenic species | May to Dec. (mean temperature 27.78 °C, mean humidity 71.75%) |
Nov. to Apr. (mean temperature 17.80°C, mean humidity 70.00%) |
||||||
| ICU | HD | GD | ND | ICU | HD | GD | ND | |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 8 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 21 | 0 | 1 | 8 |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 3 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
| Escherichia coli | 1 | 1 | 3 | 14 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 5 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Candida albicans | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Yeasts | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Burkholderia cepacia | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Coagulase-negative staphylococci | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Total | 33 | 7 | 8 | 47 | 49 | 9 | 9 | 30 |
Discussion
Nosocomial infection can be influenced by many factors, such as geography, climate, environment, economy and disease categories.4 Our study mainly explored the relation between NIRs and two climatic factors -temperature and relative humidity. We performed correlation analysis of average monthly temperature and relative humidity with NIRs in different departments.
It was found that NIRs had positive correlation with temperature and relative humidity in central ICU and geriatric department, but not in the whole hospital. That means that the effect of temperature and relative humidity on nosocomial infection is different in different wards. It should be noted that in central ICU, which is controlled at a constant temperature and good environment, most patients use respirators with an optimal setting temperature and humidity, and climate change factors have no substantial influence in this ward.5
However, in our study, nosocomial infection rates were found to have correlation with temperature and humidity in central ICU, which may be affected by other non-climatic factors and our relative small sample size. There is arelative high nosocomial infection rate in central ICU and most patients are severe, bedridden ones with poor physical fitness and impaired immune function, who are particularly vulnerable to infection. Therefore, temperature and humidity should not be considered as practical reasons for the fluctuation in nosocomial infection rates. In geriatric department, most common diseases are chronic heart and lung diseases, tumors and diabetes. The ward environment is more influenced by external climate conditions and gerontal patients are prone to respiratory infections for severe illness and poor resistance.6 As respiratory infections are mainly airborne, temperature and humidity are important influential factors for pathogen proliferation. Our study also suggested that external temperature and humidity have significant correlation with NIRs in geriatric department, and that NIRs increase with temperature and humidity.
Changes of many meteorological factors can promote pathogen propagation and spread, and induce decreased immune function of patients, leading to the occurrence of nosocomial infection.7 Temperature is a very important factor and has a complex influence on NIRs. Our study suggests that it is important to take full account of room temperature control in geriatric department, which mostly receive immunocompromised elderly patients. High or low temperature extremes and extremely low mean temperature are all detrimental to the human body. Air humidity is also an important factor and the reproductive capacity of pathogens increase with relative humidity. In China, Guangzhou has a relatively high level of relative humidity, especially in March and May with severe damp and mould problems. Therefore, excessive pathogen propagation caused by high relative humidity has great impact on patients with low immunity, and NIRs increase with relative humidity.
Many climatic factors, especially temperature, play important parts in the propagation and spread of pathogens.8 We performed further analysis and compared pathogen distributions between high-temperature and low-temperature months in Guangzhou. But no statistical differences were found between the two groups. However, no significant difference was found in average temperature between high-temperature and low-temperature months. It should not be considered that temperature has no influence on pathogen distribution, but that seasonal climate conditions of Guangzhou have no significant effect on nosocomial infections.
Most common site for nosocomial infections is upper respiratory tract, following by lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin and soft tissue and gastrointestinal tract. According to the special climate, we found no statistical differences in different quarters in the distribution of nosocomial infection sites in Guangzhou. For the special climatic conditions in different quarters, it is speculated that climatic condition has no significant effect on NRIs. The occurrence of nosocomial infection is the result of interactions of external environmental and intraindividual factors. When the body condition is stable, the strength of external environmental factors determines NIRs.9,10 Guangzhou has special climatic conditions, the influence of which is unknown. Our study explored the relation of NIRs to temperature, relative humidity, disease category and ward environment, and studied the possible correlation of seasonalclimatic changes with nosocomial sites and pathogen distribution. We found a correlation of NIRs with temperature and relative humidity in geriatric department and central ICU. Therefore, it seems worthwhile to pay more attention to environmental condition control in these two departments. It is necessary to strengthen the control of ward temperature and humidity in order to decrease NRIs and improve health care quality. The seasonal climatic changes of Guangzhou have no influence on nosocomial infection sites and pathogen distribution. However, more detailed environment and climate factors are still worthy of further study, such as temperature difference, wind speed, rainfall amount and air convection.
Conclusion
In order to decrease NIRs, we should strengthen the control of environment and climate factors in many respects and make efforts on climate-specific prevention in high-risk departments and populations.
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