Table 4.
Prosodic and structural characteristics in infant-directed speech (IDS) and in adult-directed speech (ADS) to (a) hearing-impaired, (b) normal-hearing age-matched and (c) normal-hearing-experience matched infants.
|
(a)
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hearing-Impaired
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| Session 1 | Session 2 | Session 3 | ADS | |
|
|
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| Non-normalized values | ||||
| F0 mean (Hz, s.d.) | 300.73 (51.95) | 291.01 (45.15) | 280.94 (49.61) | 187.21 (17.78) |
| F0 range (semitones, s.d.) | 10.05 (2.7) | 10.14 (2.43) | 9.81 (2.14) | 7.84 (1.86) |
| F0 SD (Hz, s.d.) | 55.07 (18.01) | 54.78 (17.35) | 51.39 (14.99) | 23.96 (9.26) |
| Syllables per utterance (number, s.d.) | 3.5 (0.67) | 3.87 (0.93) | 3.68 (0.92) | 9.52 (1.9) |
| Speaking rate (# of syll. per utterance duration, s.d.) | 4.07 (0.79) | 4.22 (0.78) | 4.23 (0.74) | 4.66 (0.48) |
| Normalized values (IDS/ADS ratio, s.d.) | ||||
| F0 mean | 1.61 (0.25) | 1.53 (0.25) | 1.51 (0.2) | 1 |
| F0 range | 1.34 (0.4) | 1.35 (0.36) | 1.31 (0.38) | 1 |
| F0 SD | 2.43 (0.8) | 2.39 (0.9) | 2.26 (0.86) | 1 |
| (b)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal-Hearing Age-Matched
|
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| Session 1 | Session 2 | Session 3 | ADS | |
|
|
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| Non-normalized values | ||||
| F0 mean (Hz, s.d.) | 272.84 (45.94) | 273.48 (38.56) | 267.28 (61.24) | 192.14 (20.24) |
| F0 range (semitones, s.d.) | 10.07 (2.8) | 9.84 (2.29) | 8.49 (2.34) | 9.02 (2.61) |
| F0 SD (Hz, s.d.) | 52.90 (16.04) | 47.31 (14.61) | 42.02 (19.25) | 26.74 (8.24) |
| Syllables per utterance (number, s.d.) | 3.74 (0.64) | 3.81 (0.73) | 4.41 (1.02) | 9.09 (2.02) |
| Speaking rate (# of syll. per utterance duration, s.d.) | 4.78 (0.87) | 4.88 (0.65) | 5.07 (0.94) | 4.56 (0.43) |
| Normalized values (IDS/ADS ratio, s.d.) | ||||
| F0 mean | 1.41 (0.24) | 1.47 (0.29) | 1.37 (0.28) | 1 |
| F0 range | 1.18 (0.47) | 1.20 (0.55) | 1.07 (0.41) | 1 |
| F0 SD | 2.02 (0.76) | 1.92 (0.83) | 1.66 (0.66) | 1 |
| (c)
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal-Hearing Experienced-Matched
|
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| Session 1 | Session 2 | Session 3 | ADS | |
|
|
||||
| Non-normalized values | ||||
| F0 mean (Hz, s.d.) | 272.15 (47.52) | 267.87 (41.24) | 259.64 (24.44) | 184.21 (25.33) |
| F0 range (semitones, s.d.) | 11.50 (3.06) | 11.69 (2.49) | 10.78 (2.41) | 8.67 (2.36) |
| F0 SD (Hz, s.d.) | 53.33 (18.7) | 52.07 (15.59) | 48.19 (12.09) | 23.59 (8.15) |
| Syllables per utterance (number, s.d.) | 4.13 (0.92) | 4.85 (0.87) | 4.23 (0.83) | 10.06 (2.03) |
| Speaking rate (# of syll. per utterance duration, s.d.) | 4.33 (1.07) | 4.58 (0.65) | 4.88 (0.71) | 4.78 (0.45) |
| Normalized values (IDS/ADS ratio, s.d.) | ||||
| F0 mean | 1.48 (0.2) | 1.47 (0.23) | 1.38 (0.21) | 1 |
| F0 range | 1.38 (0.35) | 1.38 (0.41) | 1.33 (0.26) | 1 |
| F0 SD | 2.4 (0.79) | 2.37 (0.96) | 2.11 (0.77) | 1 |