Abstract
Background
Migraine with aura (MA) has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Previous observation has also found higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in migraineurs without aura (MO), but the results have been conflicting. The present study was conducted to assess the association between cardiovascular risk factors and migraine without aura among Iranians.
Methods
In our study the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, obesity, cigarette smoking, and family history of early coronary artery disease, were studied in 347 migraineurs without aura and 267 non-migraineurs. The odds ratio (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used to assess the strength of the association.
Results
Patients with migraine without aura were at an increased risk of developing hypertension (ORadj = 1.9; P = 0.029), but there was no difference in other cardiovascular risk profiles, including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, obesity, cigarette smoking, and family history of early coronary artery disease.
Conclusion
Our study revealed that the prevalence of hypertension was higher in migraineurs without aura in comparison with non-migraineurs. Therefore, physicians are supposed to be more vigilant in examining these patients and take care not to prescribe medications that may provoke hypertension.
Keywords: Migraine, Hypertension, Aura, Lipid Profile
Introduction
Headache and cardiovascular disease are highly prevalent, resulting in notable individual disability.1, 2 The association between migraine with aura (MA) and the risk of developing ischemic heart disease has been well established in previous studies.3 Recent evidence have also confirmed the link between MA and retinopathy, small vessel arteriolar intima thickening, endothelial injury, and impaired endothelial vasoreactivity.2 It seems that vascular comorbidities reported in migraineurs are limited to MA.2
Due to the shared pathology of migraine and cardiovascular disease, several studies have investigated the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in migraine sufferers.2–5 These studies have reported contradictory results. Some have shown an elevation in the Framingham risk score in both patients with migraine without aura (MO) and MA, whereas others have reported the condition only in MA patients. Moreover, few attempts have been made to examine the independent effect of each factor by adjusting for other risk factors. According to our knowledge, no study has yet assessed the relationship between MO and cardiovascular risk factors in the Iranian population. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in MO patients.
Materials and Methods
Study population
All Patients aged between 18 and 55 years referred to an outpatient neurology clinic between September 2009 and February 2010 were recruited. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. From among these patients 614 accepted to participate in the study and signed an informed consent according to the Helsinki treaty.
Headache diagnoses
The diagnosis of headache was made by a neurologist expert in headache disorders in accordance with the International Headache Society (IHS) criteria for migraine without aura.5 These criteria were: (1) those experiencing headache attacks lasting for 4–72 h (< 4 h was accepted for those who reported visual disturbance before headache); or (2) those reporting headache with at least one of the following characteristics: pulsating quality, unilateral location or aggravation by physical activity; or (3) those experiencing at least one of the following symptoms during headache: nausea, photophobia, or phonophobia. Those who reported aura according to the IHS criteria were considered as MA and were excluded from the study. The control group comprised of patients, who did not suffer from any type of headache, with neurological problems, such as psychiatric disorders, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis. Patients with any neurological disorder with confirmed vascular pathology, such as stroke or AVM, and those with a first degree relation within the case group were excluded.
Since all the cases and controls were recruited from the same medical center, they were believed to be socioeconomically matched. The age variable was tolerably matched (± 5 years). Considering the executive difficulties, female/male ratio was statistically different between the two groups; in multivariate analysis, however, it was eliminated as a confounder.
Cardiovascular risk factors
Fasting blood sample was obtained to measure fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol, Low density lipoprotein (LDL), and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Hyperglycemia was defined as having FBS ≥ 126 mg/dL, or consuming oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin. The patient was diagnosed with dyslipidemia if he/she had serum levels of total cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dL, LDL ≥ 160 mg/dL, HDL ≤ 40 mg/dL, or was taking lipid lowering drugs.
Blood pressure was measured on the upper arm with the participant in a sitting position after a 10-minute rest, using a Mercury Ricter ™ sphygmomanometer. If systolic (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were higher than 140 or 90 mmHg, respectively, the measurement was repeated after 30 minutes. Hypertension (HTN) was defined as having SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg at the time of examination, or personal history of consuming antihypertensive drugs.
Anthropometric measurements were made by weight and height conventional scales. Weight was measured using a digital scale (Omron, Omron Healthcare, USA) to the nearest 0.1 kg. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm, using a tape meter. Obesity was described as having body mass index (BMI) (calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in square meters) ≥ 30 kg/m2.
A questionnaire including information on the patient's past medical history of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and ischemic stroke, HTN, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia and consumption of antihypertensive drugs, oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin and lipid lowering drugs was completed for all the participants. The history of cigarette smoking and family history of early CVD were also questioned. The history of cigarette smoking was considered positive if the individual had used even one cigarette during the last month.7 CVD history was considered positive if the participant reported a positive history of MI, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, or balloon or stent angioplasty.7 Participants were also asked about CVD history in their first-degree relatives before the age of 55 in males, or 65 in females.7
Statistical analysis
For descriptive analysis of quantitative data, the Mean and Standard deviation were used. For qualitative data, frequency percentage was reported. To evaluate the association between Mo and risk factors, OR with 95% CI was used, and finally, to determine the real association of different variables, OR was adjusted by logistic regression model. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to reduce the effect of confounding factors. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 15.0, SPSS Production Facility, Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used to analyze the data.
Results
614 individuals were recruited. Male to female ratio was significantly lower in the case group (P = 0.02). Compared with the control group, migraineurs had higher age (P = 0.02), higher DBP (P = 0.01), lower FBS (P ≤ 0.001), higher total cholesterol (P = 0.006) and LDL (P = 0.006), and higher BMI (P = 0.02) (Table 1).
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the studied population
| Variables | Cases (n = 347) | Controls (n = 267) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 15.8% | 23.2% | 0.02 |
| Female | 84.1% | 76.7% | ||
| Age(years) | 36.1 | 34.2 | 0.02 | |
| SBP | 120.3 ± 16.74 | 118 ± 18.52 | 0.12 | |
| DBP | 78.3 ± 10.14 | 75.8 ± 11.38 | 0.01 | |
| FBS | 95.7 ± 15.89 | 90.2 ± 16.95 | ≥ 0.001 | |
| Total Cholesterol | 193.8 ± 35.95 | 182 ± 40.41 | 0.006 | |
| LDL | 112.5 ± 33.27 | 107.7 ± 35.17 | 0.11 | |
| HDL | 48.7 ± 10.58 | 47.2 ± 10.94 | 0.13 | |
| BMI | 26.4 ± 5.12 | 25.5 ± 4.78 | 0.02 |
All continuous data is presented as mean ± SD (standard deviation)
HTN, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, obesity, and age were the probable confounders in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. The final model indicated HTN as the only variable related to MO (ORadj = 1.9; P = 0.029). The odds ratio of the cardiovascular risk factors in the two studied groups is summarized in table 2.
Table 2.
The crude odds ratio of the cardiovascular risk factors in the two groups
| Risk factors | Cases | Controls | OR crude (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| No/valid numbers (%) | No/valid numbers (%) | |||
| Ischemic stroke history | 4/281 (1%) | 0/245 (0%) | - | 0.074 |
| CVD history | 1/283 (0.3%) | 0/245 (0%) | - | 0.525 |
| Early familial CVD history | 17/277 (6%) | 12/252 (4%) | 1.3 (0.6-2.7) | 0.309 |
| HTN | 88/265 (33%) | 38/245 (15%) | 2.7 (1.7-4.16) | < 0.001 |
| Hyperglycemia | 17/208 (8%) | 7/148 (4%) | 1.8 (0.7-4.4) | 0.144 |
| Dyslipidemia | 107/207 (51%) | 93/164 (56%) | 0.8 (0.5-1.2) | 0.196 |
| Obesity | 59/275 (21%) | 39/250 (15%) | 1.4 (0.9-2.3) | 0.054 |
| Cigarette smoking | 14/279 (5%) | 22/254 (8%) | 0.5 (0.2-1.1) | 0.067 |
Discussion
In line with previous observations, our study showed MO to be associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Iranian population. After adjusting for other risk factors, only HTN was significantly more prevalent among MO sufferers.
One of the possible underlying mechanisms linking headache to HTN is the renin-angiotensin system. It should be mention that DD gene, elevated ACE activity, and higher rate of MO attacks were reported in those with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE).6 Moreover, ACE inhibitors, such as captopril, and angiotensin II receptor blockers, such as lisinopril, have approved prophylactic effects in the treatment of migraine.7 Yetkin et al. also found lower brachial artery flow in patients with transformed headache.8 Another cross-sectional study reported a significant positive association between migraine and higher augmentation index (AI), a parameter of arterial stiffness.7 Similarly, Bigal et al. found a significant relationship between hypertension and MO.3 Ikeda et al., however, failed to report such an association.9
The results regarding the relationship between high blood glucose levels and headache were highly controversial. Some studies have found higher blood glucose levels in patients with headache, whereas others have reported diabetes to be less prevalent in headache sufferers.2, 10 Our study showed higher FBS levels in the MO group; however, after adjusting for other CVD risks, the difference was not significant. Possible explanations for this observation are that, on the one hand, insulin resistance may be involved in the pathogenesis of migraine, and on the other hand, individuals with high blood glucose levels are prone to diabetic neuropathy that could interfere with peripheral neurogenic mechanism necessary for triggering migraine.10, 11
According to previous studies, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and smoking can increase an individual's risk of experiencing headache.2, 12 Winsvold et al. showed BMI, serum total cholesterol levels, and smoking to have a significant direct relationship with MO.2 In the current study, only before adjusting for other CVD risk factors, the mean values of BMI and total cholesterol were higher in MO suffers. A possible explanation for the observed difference is the baseline differences noted in some of the CVD risk factors.
Considering the cross-sectional nature of the study, we cannot draw a conclusion as to a causal relationship between CVD risks and headache. Further prospective studies on larger populations are warranted.
Conclusion
In conclusion, our study revealed that the prevalence of hypertension was higher in migraineurs without aura in comparison with non-migraineurs. Therefore, physicians must be more vigilant in examining these patients and prescribing medications that do not provoke hypertension.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Dr. Karbalaii and Dr. Ostovar for their sincere cooperation. We also thank the Research Development Center of Sina Hospital for their support.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest in this study.
Funding Acknowledgment
This study was Dr. Samaneh Aalami Harandi's postgraduate thesis. It was supported by a grant from Tehran University of Medical Sciences to the study advisor, Prof. Mansoureh Togha [grant number 89-03-54-11031].
References
- 1.Stovner L, Hagen K, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, Lipton R, Scher A, et al. The global burden of headache: A documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide. Cephalalgia. 2007;27(3):193–210. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01288.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Winsvold BS, Hagen K, Aamodt AH, Stovner LJ, Holmen J, Zwart JA. Headache, migraine and cardiovascular risk factors: the HUNT study. Eur J Neurol. 2011;18(3):504–11. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03199.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Bigal ME, Kurth T, Santanello N, Buse D, Golden W, Robbins M, et al. Migraine and cardiovascular disease: a population-based study. Neurology. 2010;74(8):628–35. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d0cc8b. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Kurth T, Schurks M. Newest aspects on the association between migraine and cardiovascular disease: the role of modifying factors. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2009;13(3):231–6. doi: 10.1007/s11916-009-0039-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Schurks M, Rist PM, Bigal ME, Buring JE, Lipton RB, Kurth T. Migraine and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2009;339:b3914. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b3914. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Paterna S, Di Pasquale P, D'Angelo A, Seidita G, Tuttolomondo A, Cardinale A, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene deletion polymorphism determines an increase in frequency of migraine attacks in patients suffering from migraine without aura. Eur Neurol. 2000;43(3):133–6. doi: 10.1159/000008151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Hamed SA. The vascular risk associations with migraine: relation to migraine susceptibility and progression. Atherosclerosis. 2009;205(1):15–22. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.10.016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Yetkin E, Ozisik H, Ozcan C, Aksoy Y, Turhan H. Increased dilator response to nitrate and decreased flow-mediated dilatation in migraineurs. Headache. 2007;47(1):104–10. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00657.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Ikeda K, Kashihara H, Hosozawa K-I, Anan K, Shimoma M, Tamura M, et al. Brain check-up-based study of migraine in Japan. Headache Care. 2005;2(2):75–80. [Google Scholar]
- 10.Cavestro C, Rosatello A, Micca G, Ravotto M, Marino MP, Asteggiano G, et al. Insulin metabolism is altered in migraineurs: a new pathogenic mechanism for migraine? Headache. 2007;47(10):1436–42. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00719.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Aamodt AH, Stovner LJ, Midthjell K, Hagen K, Zwart JA. Headache prevalence related to diabetes mellitus. The Head-HUNT study. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14(7):738–44. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01765.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Scher AI, Terwindt GM, Picavet HS, Verschuren WM, Ferrari MD, Launer LJ. Cardiovascular risk factors and migraine: the GEM population-based study. Neurology. 2005;64(4):614–20. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000151857.43225.49. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]