Abstract
Expression of variant antigen genes in Trypanosoma equiperdum is accompanied by the duplication of a silent basic copy gene and the transposition of the copy to an expression site elsewhere in the genome. We have analyzed the genomic locations of both the basic and expression-linked copies of the T. equiperdum gene for variable surface glycoprotein VSG-1. Both copies are situated proximal to termini in both extracted DNA and in chromatin. The regions between the VSG-1 genes and the termini have a very high buoyant density in CsCl and contain an unidentified nucleoside that replaces deoxycytidine.
Full text
PDF![4306](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/295f/384026/648dd4268533/pnas00640-0120.png)
![4307](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/295f/384026/5e3bcdb3d0bf/pnas00640-0121.png)
![4308](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/295f/384026/762f3282d49e/pnas00640-0122.png)
![4309](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/295f/384026/e9f083e6f0ba/pnas00640-0123.png)
![4310](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/295f/384026/9eeb6f427b97/pnas00640-0124.png)
Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Blackburn E. H., Gall J. G. A tandemly repeated sequence at the termini of the extrachromosomal ribosomal RNA genes in Tetrahymena. J Mol Biol. 1978 Mar 25;120(1):33–53. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90294-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Blattner F. R., Williams B. G., Blechl A. E., Denniston-Thompson K., Faber H. E., Furlong L., Grunwald D. J., Kiefer D. O., Moore D. D., Schumm J. W. Charon phages: safer derivatives of bacteriophage lambda for DNA cloning. Science. 1977 Apr 8;196(4286):161–169. doi: 10.1126/science.847462. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Capbern A., Giroud C., Baltz T., Mattern P. Trypanosoma equiperdum: etude des variations antigéniques au cours de la trypanosomose experimentale du lapin. Exp Parasitol. 1977 Jun;42(1):6–13. doi: 10.1016/0014-4894(77)90055-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Corneo G., Ginelli E., Soave C., Bernardi G. Isolation and characterization of mouse and guinea pig satellite deoxyribonucleic acids. Biochemistry. 1968 Dec;7(12):4373–4379. doi: 10.1021/bi00852a033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- De Lange T., Borst P. Genomic environment of the expression-linked extra copies of genes for surface antigens of Trypanosoma brucei resembles the end of a chromosome. Nature. 1982 Sep 30;299(5882):451–453. doi: 10.1038/299451a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hoeijmakers J. H., Frasch A. C., Bernards A., Borst P., Cross G. A. Novel expression-linked copies of the genes for variant surface antigens in trypanosomes. Nature. 1980 Mar 6;284(5751):78–80. doi: 10.1038/284078a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Katinka M., Yaniv M. Deletions of N-terminal sequences of polyoma virus T-antigens reduce but do not abolish transformation of rat fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Oct;2(10):1238–1246. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.10.1238. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Longacre S., Hibner U., Raibaud A., Eisen H., Baltz T., Giroud C., Baltz D. DNA rearrangements and antigenic variation in Trypanosoma equiperdum: multiple expression-linked sites in independent isolates of trypanosomes expressing the same antigen. Mol Cell Biol. 1983 Mar;3(3):399–409. doi: 10.1128/mcb.3.3.399. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Longacre S., Raibaud A., Hibner U., Buck G., Eisen H., Baltz T., Giroud C., Baltz D. DNA rearrangements and antigenic variation in Trypanosoma equiperdum: expression-independent DNA rearrangements in the basic copy of a variant surface glycoprotein gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1983 Mar;3(3):410–414. doi: 10.1128/mcb.3.3.410. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pays E., Lheureux M., Steinert M. Structure and expression of a Trypanosoma brucei gambiense variant specific antigen gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 May 25;10(10):3149–3163. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.10.3149. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pays E., Lheureux M., Steinert M. The expression-linked copy of a surface antigen gene in Trypanosoma is probably the one transcribed. Nature. 1981 Jul 16;292(5820):265–267. doi: 10.1038/292265a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pays E., Van Meirvenne N., Le Ray D., Steinert M. Gene duplication and transposition linked to antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 May;78(5):2673–2677. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.5.2673. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rigby P. W., Dieckmann M., Rhodes C., Berg P. Labeling deoxyribonucleic acid to high specific activity in vitro by nick translation with DNA polymerase I. J Mol Biol. 1977 Jun 15;113(1):237–251. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(77)90052-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Riou G., Baltz T., Gabillot M., Pautrizel R. Absence of kinetoplast DNA in a late antigenic variant of Trypanosoma equiperdum. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1980 Apr;1(2):97–105. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(80)90004-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Southern E. M. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol. 1975 Nov 5;98(3):503–517. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80083-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- TAKAHASHI I., MARMUR J. Replacement of thymidylic acid by deoxyuridylic acid in the deoxyribonucleic acid of a transducing phage for Bacillus subtilis. Nature. 1963 Feb 23;197:794–795. doi: 10.1038/197794a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thiery J. P., Ehrlich S. D., Devillers-Thiery A., Bernardi G. Specificity of spleen acid DNAase. Eur J Biochem. 1973 Oct 18;38(3):434–442. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb03077.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wells R. D., Blair J. E. Studies on polynucleotides. LXXI. Sedimentation and buoyant density studies of some DNA-like polymers with repeating nucleotide sequences. J Mol Biol. 1967 Jul 28;27(2):273–288. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(67)90020-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Williams R. O., Young J. R., Majiwa P. A., Doyle J. J., Shapiro S. Z. Contextural genomic rearrangements of variable-antigen genes in Trypanosoma brucei. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1981;45(Pt 2):945–949. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1981.045.01.111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Williams R. O., Young J. R., Majiwa P. A. Genomic environment of T. brucei VSG genes: presence of a minichromosome. Nature. 1982 Sep 30;299(5882):417–421. doi: 10.1038/299417a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Williams R. O., Young J. R., Majiwa P. A. Genomic rearrangements correlated with antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei. Nature. 1979 Dec 20;282(5741):847–849. doi: 10.1038/282847a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]