Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1996 Sep 17;93(19):10515–10518. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.19.10515

The dwarf-1 (dt) Mutant of Zea mays blocks three steps in the gibberellin-biosynthetic pathway.

C R Spray 1, M Kobayashi 1, Y Suzuki 1, B O Phinney 1, P Gaskin 1, J MacMillan 1
PMCID: PMC38417  PMID: 11607708

Abstract

In plants, gibberellin (GA)-responding mutants have been used as tools to identify the genes that control specific steps in the GA-biosynthetic pathway. They have also been used to determine which native GAs are active per se, i.e., further metabolism is not necessary for bioactivity. We present metabolic evidence that the D1 gene of maize (Zea mays L.) controls the three biosynthetic steps: GA20 to GA1, Ga20 to GA5, and GA5 to GA3. We also present evidence that three gibberellins, GA1, GA5, and GA3, have per se activity in stimulating shoot elongation in maize. The metabolic evidence comes from the injection of [17-13C,3H]GA20 and [17-13C,3H]GA5 into seedlings of d1 and controls (normal and d5), followed by isolation and identification of the 13C-labeled metabolites by full-scan GC-MS and Kovats retention index. For the controls, GA20 was metabolized to GA1,GA3, and GA5; GA5 was metabolized to GA3. For the d1 mutant, GA20 was not metabolized to GA1, GA3, or to GA5, and GA5 was not metabolized to GA3. The bioassay evidence is based on dosage response curves using d1 seedlings for assay. GA1, GA3, and GA5 had similar bioactivities, and they were 10-times more active than GA20.

Full text

PDF
10515

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Brian P. W. The gibberellins as hormones. Int Rev Cytol. 1966;19:229–266. doi: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60569-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Fujioka S., Yamane H., Spray C. R., Gaskin P., Macmillan J., Phinney B. O., Takahashi N. Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Gibberellins in Vegetative Shoots of Normal, dwarf-1, dwarf-2, dwarf-3, and dwarf-5 Seedlings of Zea mays L. Plant Physiol. 1988 Dec;88(4):1367–1372. doi: 10.1104/pp.88.4.1367. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Fujioka S., Yamane H., Spray C. R., Katsumi M., Phinney B. O., Gaskin P., Macmillan J., Takahashi N. The dominant non-gibberellin-responding dwarf mutant (D8) of maize accumulates native gibberellins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(23):9031–9035. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.23.9031. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Fujioka S., Yamane H., Spray C. R., Phinney B. O., Gaskin P., Macmillan J., Takahashi N. Gibberellin A(3) Is Biosynthesized from Gibberellin A(20) via Gibberellin A(5) in Shoots of Zea mays L. Plant Physiol. 1990 Sep;94(1):127–131. doi: 10.1104/pp.94.1.127. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Kobayashi M., Gaskin P., Spray C. R., Phinney B. O., MacMillan J. The Metabolism of Gibberellin A20 to Gibberellin A1 by Tall and Dwarf Mutants of Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 1994 Dec;106(4):1367–1372. doi: 10.1104/pp.106.4.1367. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Kobayashi M., Gaskin P., Spray C. R., Suzuki Y., Phinney B. O., MacMillan J. Metabolism and Biological Activity of Gibberellin A4 in Vegetative Shoots of Zea mays, Oryza sativa, and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 1993 Jun;102(2):379–386. doi: 10.1104/pp.102.2.379. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Kobayashi M., Spray C. R., Phinney B. O., Gaskin P., MacMillan J. Gibberellin Metabolism in Maize (The Stepwise Conversion of Gibberellin A12-Aldehyde to Gibberellin A20. Plant Physiol. 1996 Feb;110(2):413–418. doi: 10.1104/pp.110.2.413. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Lange T., Hedden P., Graebe J. E. Expression cloning of a gibberellin 20-oxidase, a multifunctional enzyme involved in gibberellin biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Aug 30;91(18):8552–8556. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.18.8552. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Lange T. Purification and partial amino-acid sequence of gibberellin 20-oxidase from Cucurbita maxima L. endosperm. Planta. 1994;195(1):108–115. doi: 10.1007/BF00206298. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Phillips A. L., Ward D. A., Uknes S., Appleford N. E., Lange T., Huttly A. K., Gaskin P., Graebe J. E., Hedden P. Isolation and expression of three gibberellin 20-oxidase cDNA clones from Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 1995 Jul;108(3):1049–1057. doi: 10.1104/pp.108.3.1049. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Talon M., Koornneef M., Zeevaart J. A. Endogenous gibberellins in Arabidopsis thaliana and possible steps blocked in the biosynthetic pathways of the semidwarf ga4 and ga5 mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Oct;87(20):7983–7987. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.20.7983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Wu K., Li L., Gage D. A., Zeevaart J. A. Molecular cloning and photoperiod-regulated expression of gibberellin 20-oxidase from the long-day plant spinach. Plant Physiol. 1996 Feb;110(2):547–554. doi: 10.1104/pp.110.2.547. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Xu Y. L., Li L., Wu K., Peeters A. J., Gage D. A., Zeevaart J. A. The GA5 locus of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a multifunctional gibberellin 20-oxidase: molecular cloning and functional expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jul 3;92(14):6640–6644. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.14.6640. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES