Skip to main content
PMC home page
Microbial Cell Factories logoLink to Microbial Cell Factories
. 2013 Sep 8;12:78. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-78

Comparison of expression systems for the extracellular production of mannanase Man23 originated from Bacillus subtilis B23

Haiyan Zhou 1, Yong Yang 1, Xu Nie 1, Wenjiao Yang 1, Yongyao Wu 1,✉
PMCID: PMC3847498  PMID: 24011469

Abstract

Background

Mannanase is an enzyme that can catalyze random hydrolysis of beta-1,4-mannosidic linkages in the main chain of mannans, glucomannans and galactomannans which are the key polymers in hemicellulose. It has been used in a number of different industrial applications including food, feed, pharmaceutical, pulp/paper industries, and second generation biofuel. To optimize the expression system of mannanase Man23 gene, two kinds of vectors and host bacteria were determined and compared.

Results

Recombinants pHY-p43-man23 and pBPS-man23 were constructed and transferred into Bacillus subtilis WB600 and Brevibacillus brevis respectively. For mannanase Man23 gene, recombinant pHY-p43-man23 expressed in Brevibacillus brevis had higher production and activity. Compared to the wild-type Bacillus subtilis B23, the production of recombinant pHY-p43-man23 in B. brevis increased by 10 times and activity increased by 21.3%. pHY-p43-man23 in B. brevis had activity at the range of 20 ~ 70°C but its optimum temperature was 50°C and had activity from pH 4 ~ 10 but its optimum pH was around 7. This demonstrated the recombinant had improved stability as well.

Conclusions

Mannanase is an important industrial enzyme and combination of vector pHY-p43 and host Brevibacillus brevis is a novel expression system for a mannanase decoding gene. This work aims at exploring a better expression system of mannanase Man23 decoding gene for industrial application.

Keywords: Mannanase, Recombinant gene, Host bacterium, Expression system

Background

β-Mannanase, an extracellular enzyme, has hemicellulase activity or the activities of both hemicellulase and cellulase [1]. Mannanase can catalyze random hydrolysis of beta-1,4-mannosidic linkages in the main chain of mannans, glucomannans and galactomannans which are the key polymers in hemicellulose [2]. It is widely used by industries including food processing, feed, oil mining, paper making, pharmaceutical, and second generation biofuel [3,4]. It is especially involved in breaking down plant tissues by degrading mannan polymers in the cell walls [5].

Mannanases once were isolated from plants [6], marine mollusk [7], and a body of bacteria and fungi [8,9]. According to the hydrophobic cluster analysis of reported mannanases, they have been classified into glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 5 and 26. In this paper, mannanase Man23 which originated from Bacillus subtilis B23 belongs to family 26.

Wild-type mannanase Man23 has high activity and stability. We found that the sites of H129, E159, H190, E191, W196, F197, W198, and W199 on mannanase Man23 are relevant to the activity and substrate binding. The mutations at the sites of H129, H190, and W198 increased activity by 3.5-, 2.2-, and 3.8-fold, respectively (Haiyan Z, Xu N, Yong Y, Wenjiao Y, Yongyao W: Engineering mannanase Man23 decoding gene from Bacillus Subtilis B23 by semi-rational design, submitted). Herein, in order to promote the production and stability for meeting its commercial usage, our team had a further study to optimize the expression system of mannanase Man23. We evaluated two vectors, pHY-p43 and pBKE50, and two host bacteria, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) WB600 and Brevibacillus brevis (B. brevis), to figure out how the recombinant expression plasmids performed in the two novel hosts. This work provides insights into how an optimized expression system worked on mannanase Man23 gene and moreover, it throws a clue to select a more suitable expression system and a host bacterium for cellulase or hemicellulase gene.

Results

Comparison of gene man23 expressed in host B. subtilis WB600 and B. brevis

For the economical reason, it is necessary to construct the stable expression systems for producing recombinant proteins. At present, about 60% of the commercially available enzymes are produced by Bacillus species [10]. In comparison of Escherichia coli (E. coli), B. subtilis is an attractive host for enzyme production since it is nonpathogenic and has a high capacity of secreting extracellular proteins directly into the medium [11]. However, B. subtilis greatly reduces the production and intactness of the secreted proteins because of it secrets at least seven extracellular proteases [12]. A series of extracellular-protease-deficient Bacillus strains were improved as a cell factory for secreting target proteins.

B. subtilis WB600 is a six-extracellular-protease-deficient strain and it was shown that in this strain, protein degradation is minimized and the production of some proteins was improved compared to that in the wild-type [13].

B. brevis is a naturally extracellular-protease-deficient strain and has been known to exhibit high productivity of heterologous proteins into the culture medium but produce little extracellular protease [14,15], which enables a high recovery of the target proteins with minimal degradation. Thus it has been used as a good host for production of heterologous proteins. Importantly, these two hosts have the clearly-known metabolic background.

The gene man23 using pHY-p43 as the expression vector firstly was introduced into the two hosts B. subtilis WB600 and B. brevis. The production yield of total proteins and mannanase Man23 in different hosts was shown in Figure 1. In comparison to the wild-type, B. bacillus WB600 and B. brevis displayed a better ability to express gene man23. The production of total proteins in B. bacillus WB600 and B. brevis increased by 12% and 16%, meanwhile, the production of mannanase Man23 increased by 9.8-fold and 10.5-fold and mannanase activity increased by 21% and 21.3% respectively.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

The production of total proteins and mannanase expressed by pHY-p43-man23 in different hosts.

SDS-PAGE was used to identify the secreted protein from different hosts and the result was shown in Figure 2. From the diagram, B. subtilis WB600 and B. brevis displayed their excellent and high-efficient production for mannanase Man23. Especially, B. brevis had a clearer electrophoresis background compared to WB600 and wild-type host, which suggested B. brevis produced more mannanase Man23 and less other proteins. Thus, the purity of mannanase Man23 from B. brevis was highest among the tested hosts. In comparison with B. subtilis WB600 and B. brevis, the total protein production in B. brevis was higher than B. subtilis WB600 by 3% and mannanase Man23 production was higher by 6.3%. Table 1 demonstrated the mannanase activity produced in B. brevis was higher than B. subtilis WB600 by 0.6%.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

SDS-PAGE of gene man23 expression products in different hosts. M: standard protein molecular weight marker; 1: crude extract of B. bacillus WB600; 2: crude extract of B. brevis; 3: crude extract of wild-type host; 4: crude extract of B. bacillus WB600 (with pHY-p43-man23); 5: crude extract of B. brevis (with pHY-p43-man23). The target band arrow pointed to is mannanase band.

Table 1.

Comparison of mannanase activity produced by pHY-p43-man23 in different hosts

Host bacterium Mannanase activity(U/mg)
Wild-type
 177.43 ± 0.5
B. bacillus WB600
 214 ± 0.3
B. brevis 215.3 ± 0.5
Open in a new tab

Considering the data above and mannanase purity, B. brevis has been used as the host for expressing gene man23 in our following work.

Comparison of the expression vectors pHY-p43 and pBKE50 for gene man23

Plasmid pBKE50 is a shuttle vector which includes the replication origin of pUB110 and the erythromycin-resistance gene of pGK12. Plasmid pHY-p43 is also a shuttle vector which includes the strong promoter P43. In our work, these two vectors were introduced to express gene man23 in B. brevis.

Mannanase Man23 encoding gene was identified to be 1100 bp and was registered on Genbank [16]. Gene man23 was cloned using primer P1 and P2 to add BamH I and EcoR I restriction sites for the link with vector pHY-p43 and using primer P3 and P4 to add BamH I and Kpn I restriction sites for the link with vector pBKE50.

Both recombinants, pHY-p43-man23 and pBPS-man23, had excellent performance when they transformed into the host B. brevis and the results about production yield and mannanase activity of these two recombinants were shown in Table 2. Apparently, both recombinants produced much more mannanase and higher activity. The amount of total proteins expressed by pHY-p43-man23 and pBPS-man23 was enhanced by 19% and 4% compared to the wild-type. Moreover, comparing to the wild-type, the amount of mannanase Man23 increased by 11.25-fold and 8.05-fold and the mannanase activity increased by 18% and 3.4% respectively. From the data, it can be easily figured out that pHY-p43-man23 had more proteins production by 14.45%, more mannanase production by nearly 40% and higher mannanase activity by 14% than pBPS-man23. For this reason, in our following work, pHY-p43 has been used as the vector to express gene man23.

Table 2.

Comparison of the production yield and mannanase activity produced by different expression plasmids

Expression plasmid The amount of total protein(mg/ml) The amount of mannanase Man23(mg/ml) Mannanase activity(U/mg)
Wild-type
 8.0 ± 0.06
 0.72 ± 0.02
 188.5 ± 0.3
pHY-p43-man23
 9.5 ± 0.05
 8.1 ± 0.05
 222.5 ± 0.2
pBPS-man23 8.3 ± 0.05 5.8 ± 0.03 195 ± 0.2
Open in a new tab

Biochemical characteristics of recombinant mannanase Man23 expressed by pHY-p43-man23 in host B. brevis

To obtain the details about recombinant mannanase Man23, herein we determined its biochemical characteristics. It had activity at the temperature range of 20 ~ 70°C and its optimum temperature is 50°C (Figure 3). When the recombinant Man23 had been maintained at different temperature for 20 hours, it displayed high stability at temperature of 20 ~ 40°C and reduced sharply at 50°C in 20 hours (Figure 3). Compared to the wild-type which had the optimum temperature 45°C and the activity range of 30 ~ 60°C, the recombinant mannanase Man23 displayed a broader temperature range with high activity and a better heat tolerance.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Open in a new tab

Effects of temperature on activity and stability of recombinant mannanase Man23.

Meanwhile, the optimum pH of wild-type was 6.5 and it had activity in the pH range of 4 ~ 9. Nevertheless, recombinant mannanase Man23 had activity in a broader pH range of 4 ~ 10 and its optimum pH shifted slightly to around pH 7 (Figure 4). When being reserved in the phosphate buffer of pH 5 ~ 7 for 20 hours, the recombinant Man23 still kept 90% of activity but when out of pH 5 ~ 7 it was not very stable (Figure 4).

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Open in a new tab

Effects of pH on activity and stability of recombinant mannanase Man23.

The kinetic parameters of recombinant Man23 degrading locust bean gum were determined in 50 mmol/L phosphate buffer of pH 7.0 at 50°C. Through the Lineweaver-Burk Plot, the values of Km and Vmax were 0.38 mg · ml-1 and 301 μmol · mg-1 · min-1.

Discussion

Endo-1,4-β-Mannanase has been classified into two glycosyl hydrolase families, GH family 5 and 26, according to the amino acid sequence similarities and hydrophobic cluster [17]. From the sequence analysis, mannanase Man23 mentioned in this paper belongs to family GH26.

There have been some reports about the optimization of expression system and the characterization of recombinant mannanase as summarized in Table 3. The optimal pH, temperature and the stability of mannanases reported were varying depending on the sources. Some mannanases screened by Katrolia P. [18] and Songsiriritthigul C. [2] had similar enzyme characteristics with mannanase Man23 and mannanase screened by Vu TT [19] had similar optimum pH with mannanase Man23 but the latter had broader pH activity range and higher thermo-stability. The activity and kinetic parameters of the mannanases from different sources varied greatly mainly because there are lots of differences with the structure of these mannanases. Usually, some thermostable mannanases tend to have lower specific activity in comparison with their mesophilic counterparts [20]. When comparing to other mannanases, it worth to be noticed that different substrates and individual techniques whittled down the accuracy for evaluating mannanase activity.

Table 3.

Properties of various mannanase recombinants

Organism
 Family GH
 Expression vector or plasmid
 Properties of recombinant mannanase
 Ref
(wild-type/expression host)        
Stearothermophilus/ E. coli
  
 Plasmid pH6EX3
 The recombinant had thermostability similar to the native enzyme; The values of Vmax and Km were 384 U/mg and 2.4 mg/ml.
 [21]
Bacillus circulans CGMCC 1416/ E. coli
 GH5
 pET-22b(+)
 The activity was 481.55 U/mg, the optimal temperature was 58°C and pH was 7.6.
 [22]
B. subtilis Bs5/ E. coli
  
  
 The optimal temperature was 35°C, the optimal pH was 5.0 and pH range was wide from 3.0-8.0.
 [23]
Bacillus sp. JAMB-750/ B. subtilis
 GH26
  
 The optimal pH was around pH 10.
 [24]
B. subtilis WL-3/B. subtilis 168
 GH26
 Vector pJ27Δ88U
 The mannanase activity reached a maximum level of 450 U/ml.
 [25]
Aspergillus sulphureus/ P. pastoris
 GH5
  
 The highest activity was at pH 2.4 and 50°C; pH range was 2.2-8.0; it was stable below 40°C. The Km and Vmax values for locust bean gum at 50°C and pH 2.4 were 0.93 mg/mL and 344.83U/mg, respectively.
 [26]
Bispora sp. MEY-1/ P. pastoris
 GH5
  
 The recombinant was acidophilic with highest activity at pH 1.0-1.5; the optimal temperature was 65°C; The specific activity, Km, and Vmax for locust bean gum was 3,373 U/mg, 1.56 mg/ml, and 6,587.6 mmol/min/mg, respectively.
 [27]
B. subtilis strain G1/ P. pastoris GS115
  
  
 The recombinant had an optimum temperature of 45°C and optimum pH of 6.5; the enzyme was stable at temperatures up to 50°C (for 8 h) and in the pH range of 5–9.
 [19]
Humicola insolens Y1/ P. pastoris
 GH5
  
 The recombinant had a specific activity of 1,122 U/mg and exhibited optimal activity at pH 5.5 and 70°C; it had excellent pH stability at pH 5.0-12.0 and was highly thermostable at 50°C.
 [28]
Penicillium freii F63/ P. pastoris
 GH5
  
 The recombinant was optimal at pH 4.5 and 60°C and exhibited good stability over a broad pH range from acidic to alkaline (>85.0% activity at pH 4.0-9.0, >70.0% activity at pH 10.0 and 43.7% even at pH 12.0).
 [29]
B. subtilis MAFIC-S11/ P. pastoris
  
  
 The expression level was improved by 2-fold; the recombinant enzyme showed its highest activity of 24,600 U/ml after 144-h fermentation; the optimal temperature and pH were 50°C and 6.0, respectively; the specific activity was 3,706 U/mg; the kinetic parameters Vmax and Km were determined as 20,000 U/mg and 8 mg/mL, respectively.
 [30]
Aspergillus aculeatus/ Aspergillus oryzae
  
 Vector pYES2.0
 The pH optimum was pH 5.0 and a temperature optimum was 60-70°C.
 [31]
Bacillus sp. N16-5/ Kluyveromyces cicerisporus     The maximum yield of recombinant reached 3,795 U/ml; it exhibited similar pH optima, temperature optima, and substrate specificities to its wild-type; its stability was about 7% higher than that of wild-type from pH 9–11 and had about 10% higher stability than wild-type from 60°C to 80°C. [32]
Open in a new tab

Δ: delta, Vector pJ27Δ88U is a plasmid with a strong B. subtilis promoter.

From the references, mannanase encoding gene from different organisms was transformed to express in prokaryotic cells such as E. coli and B. subtilis and eukaryotic cells such as yeasts. Mannanase Man23 encoding gene was hardly secreted from E. coli, therefore E. coli would not be a good option if the secretary proteins were expected. Moreover, the secretion of proteins would simplify the extraction procedure. Both B. subtilis WB600 and B. brevis are effective hosts for secretary proteins since there are abundant of vectors and regulatory elements for Bacillus species to help proteins folding [33,34]. B. brevis especially has its advantages to be the expression host for gene man23 because B. brevis can secrete disulfide-bond-promoting factors to help proteins folding [35]. In our previous work, mannanase Man23 was found one disulfide bond formed between Cys90 and Cys110. Actually, our results about two tested hosts demonstrate B. brevis is more suitable for gene man23 indeed. Eukaryotic cells usually have the capacity to express extracellular proteins efficiently. However, considering the economic reasons, prokaryotic cells have their advantages because of the shorter production period and the simpler extraction process compared to that of eukaryotic cells.

Each expression host has one or more applicative vectors. Some reported mannanase genes used their native expression vector, and while some were recombined into other vectors. Vector pJ27Δ88U was tested and suitable for use in B. subtilis 168. In our work, plasmid pBKE50 and pHY-p43 are the shuttle vectors of E. coli and Bacillus. For gene man23, the promoter p43 on the vector pHY-p43 showed high efficiency to manipulate mannanase Man23 encoding gene in B. brevis. It deserves the further researches on other applicable vectors for gene man23 expression in B. brevis.

Conclusions

The system composed of vector pHY-p43 and host B. brevis is a novel expression system for mannanase encoding gene. Our results demonstrate that this novel system is efficient for expressing and secreting mannanase Man23 encoding gene, which deserves to be considered for indus-trial applications. Additionally, this expression system could be adopted for producing other enzymes as well.

Methods

Extraction of genomic DNA and plasmid DNA

Genomic DNA was extracted by SDS method [36] and plasmid DNA was extracted by alkaline lysis method [37].

Cloning of mannanase Man23 encoding gene

Through the sequence alignment with high homology, two couples of primers were designed to clone mannanase Man23 encoding gene from the whole DNA of wild-type. One couple used to clone the decoding gene linked with vector pHY-p43 is P1:5′-CGCGGATCCATGCCTACTAAGT-3′ (underline is BamH I restriction site) and P2:5′-CGGAATTCTGATTCAGCTATCTGTG-3′ (underline is EcoR I restriction site). The other couple used to clone the decoding gene linked with vector pBKE50 is P3:5′- CGCGGATCC ATGCCTACTA AGT-3′ (underline is BamH I restriction site)and P4:5′-GGGGTACCTGATTCAGCT ATCTGTG-3′ (underline is Kpn I restriction site).

The PCR reaction is 94°C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94°C for 30 s; 56°C for 30 s; 72°C for 1 min, then 72°C for 10 min, 4°C thereafter. Cloning products were detected and recycled according to reference [38].

Construction of expression plasmid pHY-p43-man23

Plasmid pHY-p43-man23 was constructed from plasmid pHY-p43 and gene man23 with BamH I and EcoR I restriction sites. The plasmid pHY-p43 (CICIM MMB0050) was purchased from CICIM-CU. The procedure of construction was represented in Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Open in a new tab

The construction of expression plasmid pHY-p43-man23.

Construction of expression plasmid pBPS-man23

Plasmid pBPS-man23 was constructed from plasmid pBKE50 and gene man23 with BamH I and Kpn I restriction sites. Plasmid pBKE50 was constructed basing on initial plasmids pKF3 [39] and pUB110 [40]. After digestion and re-link, the intermediate plasmid pKF33 was linked with erythromycin-resistance gene (Emr) to form plasmid pKF34. Another couple of primers, P5 and P6, were designed to clone the decoding gene of the promoter and signal peptide of B. brevis. P5 is 5′-CCCAAGCTTCGTGAG AATGCGTACCAAA-3′ (underline is Hind III restriction site) and P6 is 5′-TCCCCCGGGCGAAAGCCATGGGAGCAAC-3′ (underline is Sma I restriction site). The PCR reaction was 94°C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94°C for 40 s; 60°C for 30 s; 72°C for 50 s, then 72°C for 5 min, 4°C thereafter. The decoding gene of the promoter and signal peptide (PS) of B. brevis and plasmid pKF34 were digested with Hind III and Sma I and then linked together to form the shuttle vector pBKE50. The details of construction procedure were represented in Figure 6.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Open in a new tab

The construction of expression plasmid pBPS-man23. MLS: multiple clone sites; cat-5: chloramphenicol resistance gene; Emr: erythromycin resistance gene; ori: replication of E. coli; rep: replication of B. brevis; PS: decoding gene of the promoter and signal peptide of B. brevis.

Transformation and expression of the recombinant plasmids

B. bacillus WB600 and B. brevis are both the Bacillus species hosts, therefore the approaches recombinant plasmids transforming into the hosts are similar and elaborated as following.

The host cells were shaking cultured in T2 medium [41] overnight at 37°C and then cultures were refreshed into 5 ml of T2 medium by 1% of incubation amount and continued culturing till the late stage of logarithmic growth. The host cells were collected and suspended in 5 ml of 50 mmol/L Tris–HCl (pH 7.5) for a while and then cultured in 5 ml of 50 mmol/L Tris–HCl (pH 8.5) at 37°C for one hour. The host cells were collected into 0.5 ml of TP medium (phosphate buffer (1.905 g KH2PO4, 0.852 g Na2HPO4, 100 ml) mixed with 2 × T2 medium in proportion of 1:1) and at the same time, 100 μl of TE/TP buffer (TE buffer(10 mmo1/L Tris–HCl, pH 7.5 and l mmo1/L EDTA) mix with TP medium in proportion of 1:1) blended with 20 ul recombinant plasmids of 10 ng/ul and 1.5 ml PEG solution (PEG6000 400 g, 500 ml phosphate buffer). The mixture was incubated at 37°C for 10 min and then the host cells were recollected into 1 ml MT medium (MgCl2 in T2 medium with final concentrate of 20 mmol/L) and agitated at 37°C for 30 min. After antibiotics Amp of 50 ug/ml and Tet of 40 ug/ml were added into MT medium, the cultivation was continued for another 2 h. The plate cultures with 100 ug/ml of Amp and 60 ug/ml of Tet were used successively to screen individual colonies.

Isolation of native and recombinant mannanase Man23

Crude proteins were prepared from supernatant after centrifuge and then successively purified through salting-out, molecular sieve chromatography Sephadex G-100 and ion-exchange column chromatography. The isolation procedure was carried out according to reference [42].

Determination of recombinant mannanase activity and biochemical characteristics

Protein concentration was measured using the Bradford assay [6]. Mannanase activity assay was improved from the method of reducing sugar assay [43,44]. One unit of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of enzyme liberating 1 μmol mannose per minute at 50°C and pH 6.8. The activity formula was as follows:

Mannanase activity(U/ml) = 5.56CeVde/VjeVst

5.56 the mole value of 1.0 mg mannose, μmol

Ce amount of mannose produced from hydrolysis, mg

Vde metered volume of enzyme solution, ml

Vje volume of enzyme solution added into the reaction mixture, ml

Vs volume of substrate solution, ml

t time, min

Specific activity of mannanase (units per milligram) = 5.56CeVde2/CpVjeVst

Cp amount of total proteins, mg

The optimal temperature of mannanase Man23 was evaluated by the activity assay at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90°C for 10 min. The assay was performed with 1 ml mannanase solution (~1.0 mg/ml) at pH 6.8 and 50 mmol/L phosphate buffer.

The optimal pH was evaluated by the activity assay in different pH values of 50 mmol/L phosphate buffer for 10 min and temperature was maintained at 50°C. The mannanase amount was same as above.

Thermostability of mannanase Man23 was measured by incubating the samples for 20 hours at different temperatures and then plotting the residual activity versus the incubation time. The pH tolerance was measured by incubating the samples for 20 hours at different pH and then plotting the residual activity versus the incubation time.

Electrophoresis analysis of protein samples

The proteins extracted from wild-type, B. bacillus WB600 and B. brevis were analyzed by SDS-PAGE [45]. Marker was purchased from TIANGEN biotech co., LTD and it includes six bands of 97.4, 66.2, 43.0, 31.0, 20.1 and 14.4 Ku.

Statistical analysis

Data were presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. Results were compared with the analysis of variance and Fisher’s protected least-significant difference tests, with a significance of P < 0.05.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

HZ conceived and designed the study, carried out the molecular genetic studies, and drafted the manuscript. YY and XN carried out the genetic studies and the determinations. WY participated in determinations and performed the statistical analysis. YW conceived of the study, participated in its design and helped to draft the manuscript. HZ, YY, XN, WY and YW reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Contributor Information

Haiyan Zhou, Email: petrelshirley@163.com.

Yong Yang, Email: 406863865@qq.com.

Xu Nie, Email: 510661654@qq.com.

Wenjiao Yang, Email: 1375716212@qq.com.

Yongyao Wu, Email: sws001@163.com.

References

  1. Hilge M, Gloor SM, Rypniewski W, Sauer O, Heightman TD, Zimmermann W, Winterhalter K, Piontek K. High-resolution native and complex structures of thermostable beta-mannanase from thermomonospora fusca-substrate specificity in glycosyl hydrolase family 5. Structure. 1998;6(11):1433–1444. doi: 10.1016/S0969-2126(98)00142-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Songsiriritthigul C, Buranabanyat B, Haltrich D, Yamabhai M. Efficient recombinant expression and secretion of a thermostable GH26 mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase from Bacillus licheniformis in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact. 2010;11(9):20–33. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-20. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Yoshida S, Sako Y, Uchida A. Cloning, sequence analysis, and expression in Escherichia coli of a gene coding for an enzyme from Bacillus circulans K-1 that degrades guar gum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1998;62(3):514–520. doi: 10.1271/bbb.62.514. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Tamaru Y, Araki T, Morishita T, Kimura T, Sakka K, Ohmiya K. Cloning, DNA sequencing, and expression of the beta-1,4-mannanase gene from a marine bacterium, Vibrio sp. strain MA-138. J Ferment Bioeng. 1997;83:201–205. doi: 10.1016/S0922-338X(97)83584-2. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  5. Filichkin SA, Leonard JM, Monteros A, Liu P-P, Nonogaki H. A novel endo-β-mannanase gene in tomato LeMAN5 is associated with anther and pollen development. Plant Physiol. 2004;134:1080–1087. doi: 10.1104/pp.103.035998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bourgault R, Bewley JD. Variation in its C-terminal amino acids determines whether endo-beta-mannanase is active or inactive in ripening tomato fruits of different cultivars. Plant Physiol. 2002;130(3):1254–1262. doi: 10.1104/pp.011890. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Larsson AM, Anderson L, Xu B. Three-dimensional crystal structure and enzymic characterization of beta-mannanase Man5A from blue mussel Mytilus Edulis. J Mol Biol. 2006;357(5):1500–1510. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.01.044. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Stålbrand H, Saloheimo A, Vehmaanpera J, Henrissat B, Penttila M. Cloning and expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of a Trichoderma reesei beta-mannanase gene containing a cellulose binding domain. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995;61:1090–1097. doi: 10.1128/aem.61.3.1090-1097.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Nazina TN, Tourova TP, Poltaraus AB, Novikova EV, Grigoryan AA, Ivanova AE, Lysenko AM, Petrunyaka VV, Osipov GA, Belyaev SS, Ivanov MV. Taxonomic study of aerobic thermophilic bacilli: descriptions of geobacillus subterraneus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Geobacillus uzenensis sp. Nov. from petroleum reservoirs and transfer of Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus thermocatenulatus, Bacillus thermoleovorans, Bacillus kaustophilus, Bacillus thermodenitrificans to Geobacillus as the new combinations G. stearothermophilus, G. th. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2001;51:433–466. doi: 10.1099/00207713-51-2-433. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Simonen M, Palva I. Protein secretion in Bacillus species. Microbiol Rev. 1993;57:109–137. doi: 10.1128/mr.57.1.109-137.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Harwood CR. Bacillus subtilis and its relatives: molecular biological and industrial workhorses. Trends Biotechnol. 1992;10:247–256. doi: 10.1016/0167-7799(92)90233-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Klessen C, Malke H. Expression of the streptokinase gene from Streptococcus equisimilis in Bacillus subtilis. J Basic Microbiol. 1986;26:75–81. doi: 10.1002/jobm.3620260203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Wu XC, Lee W, Tran L, Wong SL. Engineering a Bacillus subtilisexpression-secretion system with a strain deficient in six extracellular proteases. J Bacteriol. 1991;173:4952–4958. doi: 10.1128/jb.173.16.4952-4958.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Udaka S, Yamagata H. High level secretion of heterologous proteins by Bacillus brevis. Methods Enzymol. 1993;217:23–33. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(93)17053-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Kajino T, Saito Y, Asami O, Yamada Y, Hirai M, Udata S. Extracellular production of an intact and biologically active human growth hormone by Bacillus brevis. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 1997;19:227–231. doi: 10.1038/sj.jim.2900445. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Zhang X, Tian Z, Wu Y, Zhou S, Kang D. The cloning and expression of β-mannanase gene in E. coli. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University (Natural Sciences) 2005;31(6):605–608. [Google Scholar]
  17. Henrissat B, Davies G. Structural and sequence-based classification of glycoside hydrolases. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 1997;7(5):637–644. doi: 10.1016/S0959-440X(97)80072-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Katrolia P, Yan Q, Zhang P, Zhou P, Yang S, Jiang Z. Gene cloning and enzymatic characterization of an alkali-tolerant endo-1,4-β-mannanase from Rhizomucor miehei. J Agric Food Chem. 2013;61(2):394–401. doi: 10.1021/jf303319h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Vu TT, Quyen DT, Dao TT, Nquyen ST. Cloning, high-level expression, purification, and properties of a novel endo-beta-1,4-mannanase from Bacillus subtilis G1 in Pichia pastoris. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012;22(3):331–338. doi: 10.4014/jmb.1106.06052. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Politz O, Krah M, Thomsen KK, Borriss R. A highly thermostable endo-(1,4)-beta-mannanase from the marine bacterium Rhodothermus marinus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2000;53(6):715–721. doi: 10.1007/s002530000351. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Ethier N, Talbot G, Sygusch J. Gene cloning, DNA sequencing, and expression of thermostable beta-mannanase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;64(11):4428–4432. doi: 10.1128/aem.64.11.4428-4432.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Li Y, Yang P, Meng K, Wang Y, Luo H, Wu N, Fan Y, Yao B. Gene cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel beta-mannanase from Bacillus circulans CGMCC 1416. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008;18(1):160–166. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Huang JL, Bao LX, Zou HY, Che SG, Wang GX. High-level production of a cold-active B-mannanase from Bacillus subtilis BS5 and its molecular cloning and expression. Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol. 2012;4:14–17. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Hatada Y, Takeda N, Hirasawa K, Ohta Y, Usami R, Yoshida Y, Grant WD, Ito S, Horikoshi K. Sequence of the gene for a high-alkaline mannanase from an alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain JAMB-750, its expression in Bacillus subtilis and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Extremophiles. 2005;9(6):497–500. doi: 10.1007/s00792-005-0460-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Yoon KH, Lim BL. Cloning and strong expression of a Bacillus subtilis WL-3 mannanase gene in B. subtilis. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007;17(10):1688–1694. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Chen X, Cao Y, Ding Y, Lu W, Li D. Cloning, functional expression and characterization of Aspergillus sulphureus beta-mannanase in Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol. 2007;128(3):452–461. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.11.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Luo H, Wang Y, Wang H, Yang J, Yang Y, Huang H, Yang P, Bai Y, Shi P, Fan Y, Yao B. A novel highly acidic beta-mannanase from the acidophilic fungus Bispora sp. MEY-1: gene cloning and overexpression in Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009;82(3):453–461. doi: 10.1007/s00253-008-1766-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Luo H, Wang K, Huang H, Shi P, Yang P, Yao B. Gene cloning, expression, and biochemical characterization of an alkali-tolerant β-mannanase from Humicola insolens Y1. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012;39(4):547–555. doi: 10.1007/s10295-011-1067-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Wang Y, Shi P, Luo H, Bai Y, Huang H, Yang P, Xiong H, Yao B. Cloning, over-expression and characterization of an alkali-tolerant endo-β-1,4-mannanase from Penicillium freii F63. J Biosci Bioeng. 2012;113(6):710–714. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.02.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Lv J, Chen Y, Pei H, Yang W, Li Z, Dong B, Cao Y. Cloning, expression, and characterization of β-mannanase from Bacillus subtilis MAFIC-S11 in Pichia pastoris. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2013;169(8):2326–2340. doi: 10.1007/s12010-013-0156-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Christgau S, Kauppinen S, Vind J, Kofod LV, Dalbøge H. Expression cloning, purification and characterization of a beta-1,4-mannanase from Aspergillus aculeatus. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1994;33(5):917–925. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Pan X, Zhou J, Tian A, Le K, Yuan H, Xue Y, Ma Y, Lu H. High level expression of a truncated β-mannanase from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. N16-5 in Kluyveromyces cicerisporus. Biotechnol Lett. 2011;33(3):565–570. doi: 10.1007/s10529-010-0457-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Doi RH, Wong SL, Kawamura F. Potential use of Bacillus subtilis for secretion and production of foreign proteins. Trends Biotechnol. 1986;9(4):232–235. [Google Scholar]
  34. Chang S. Engineering for protein secretion in gram-positive bacteria. Methods Enzymol. 1987;153:507–516. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(87)53075-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Peng QZ, Zhang WC, Zhu HC. The construction of shuttle vectors of Brevibacillus brevis-Escherichia coli. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2002;18(4):438–441. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Dong X. Systematic determination manual of common bacteria. Beijing: Science Press; 2001. [Google Scholar]
  37. Sambrook J, Russell DW. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 2001. [Google Scholar]
  38. Ausubel FM, Brent R, Kingston RE, Moore DD, Seidman JG, Smith JA, Struhl K. Short protocols in molecular biology. USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2002. [Google Scholar]
  39. Hashimoto-Gotoh T, Tsujimura A, Kuriyama K, Matsuda S. Construction and characterization of new host-vector systems for the enforcement-cloning method. Gene. 1993;137(2):211–216. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90008-Q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. McKenzie T, Hoshino T, Tanaka T, Sueoka N. The nucleotide sequence of pUB110: some salient features in relation to replication and its regulation. Plasmid. 1986;15:93–103. doi: 10.1016/0147-619X(86)90046-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Takagi H, Kadowaki K, Udaka S. Screening and characterization of protein-hyper producing bacteria without detectable exoprotease activity. Agric Biol Chem. 1989;53:691–699. doi: 10.1271/bbb1961.53.691. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  42. Marshak DR, Kadonaga JT, Burgess RR, Knuth MW, Brennan WA, Lin S. Strategies for protein purification and characterization: a laboratory course manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1996. [Google Scholar]
  43. Hogg D, Woo EJ, Bolam DN, Mckie VA, Gilbert HJ, Pickersqill RW. Crystal structure of mannanase 26a from Pseudomonas Cellulosa and analysis of residues involved in substrate binding. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(33):31186–31192. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M010290200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Sabathe F, Belaich A, Soucaille P. Characterization of the cellulolytic complex (cellulosome) of Clostridium acetobutylicum. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2002;217(1):15–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11450.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Guo Y. A laboratory manual of protein electrophoresis. Beijing: Science Press; 1999. [Google Scholar]

Articles from Microbial Cell Factories are provided here courtesy of BMC

RESOURCES