Esophageal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Presenting as Mediastinal Mass

Abstract

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and are predominant in the stomach and intestine but rare in the esophagus. Here, we report a case of esophageal GIST which presented as a mediastinal mass on chest X-ray and dyspnea. The case was initially diagnosed as leiomyosarcoma, which could create a diagnostic dilemma. Therefore, recognizing this uncommon presentation as a mediastinal mass with esophageal GIST is important in the differential diagnosis.

Introduction

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal, nonepithelial tumors of the gastrointestinal tract in adults between 40 and 50 years of age [1, 2]. As per SEER analysis, only 1% of 1,458 GIST cases are esophageal in origin, with an incidence of 51–70% in the stomach; 25–36% in the small intestine; 5–7% in the colon, rectum and appendix, and 1–3% in the esophagus [1, 2, 3]. Esophageal GISTs typically occur in the middle to distal third of the esophagus. They are generally small and asymptomatic, but occasionally can be large and produce dysphagia. A review of the literature revealed a case of a large esophageal GIST presenting with dyspnea [4]. However, here we report a rare case of a small esophageal GIST in a patient with dyspnea who presented with a mediastinal mass on chest X-ray and was initially diagnosed by a pathologist as having leiomyosarcoma and referred for chemotherapy.

Case Report

A 73-year-old female presented with vague cough and dyspnea on exertion. She was previously healthy with no pulmonary or heart problems. There was no history of odynophagia, dysphagia or weight loss. Initial chest X-ray showed a mass in the mediastinum (fig. 1). A CT scan of the chest with contrast revealed a hypodense, soft tissue mass/lymphadenopathy in the posterior mediastinum measuring 2.0 × 3.0 cm, contiguous with the esophagus (fig. 2), suggestive of neoplastic etiology. Further imaging with PET revealed a mediastinal soft tissue mass/lymph node and a standardized uptake value (SUV_max) of 5.1.

Fig. 1.

Chest X-ray shows a posterior mediastinal mass.

Fig. 2.

Chest CT shows a posterior mediastinal mass.

The patient underwent a bronchoscopy and mediastinoscopy with fine-needle aspiration of the mass. Pathology showed increased cellularity with moderate nuclear atypia and pleomorphism with a mitotic count of 2–3 mitoses/10 high-power fields. Immunohistochemistry was positive for vimentin, SMA, caldesmon and desmin. EMA was focally positive and there were a few positive CD34 cells. It was negative for S100, AE1/AE3 and CD68. The Ki67 index was 3–5% and, finally, the sample was reported as spindle cell well-differentiated leiomyosarcoma (fig. 3). The patient was referred to us for further management.

Fig. 3.

Tumor tissue with spindle-shaped cells. Original magnification, ×40.

Given the possibility of a GIST, CD117 immunostaining was requested and yielded a positive result (fig. 4). Then, the patient underwent bronchoscopy with right thoracotomy and esophagoscopy. Esophagoscopy and double lumen bronchoscopy were unremarkable. Thoracotomy findings showed the mass in the posterior mediastinum, which was dissected free from the trachea and inferior aspect of the aorta. The tumor involved muscle layers of the esophagus but not the mucosa. Six weeks after surgery, a repeated PET-CT scan showed no recurrence. On further follow-up, she was free of dyspnea and is currently under surveillance.

Fig. 4.

Tumor tissue with spindle cells confirmed as GISTs with CD117 immunostaining.

Discussion

GISTs are rare, accounting for 0.1–3.0% of all gastrointestinal neoplasms and 5.7% of sarcomas [5]. Initially, ‘GIST’ applied to neoplasms displaying only c-kit (CD117), but the diagnosis is based on histopathology and immunohistochemistry [6]. A total of 95% of GISTs express KIT or DOG 1 and have mutations in KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor, α polypeptide [7]. The KIT-positive cells in abdominal soft tissues include mast cells in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract; the interstitial cells of Cajal (intestinal pacemakers) around the myenteric plexus were thought to be the origin of GISTs.

GISTs typically present in adults 40–50 years of age and predominantly in the stomach and intestine. Rarely, esophageal GISTs are encountered. A comprehensive review of 11 case reports (table 1) and case series with esophageal GISTs showed that only 1 patient presented with dyspnea and a large posterior mediastinal mass (27 cm); 3 further masses were detected on routine chest X-ray [3, 4]. Our patient presented with vague, progressive shortness of breath, with the unusual finding of a small mediastinal mass on chest X-ray.

Table 1.

Summary of esophageal GIST presentations and review of the literature

Date	Study (first author)	Presenting complaint	Age, years	Sex	Affected organ or area	Size, cm
2002	Lee [17]	Incidental: routine chest X-ray (during an evaluation for trauma)	64	m	Esophageal	9
2002	Machishi [18]	Anorexia and back pain	61	f	Gastric	20, width
2004	Ertem [19]	Weight loss + regurgitation	46	m	Mid esophagus	8
2005	Feakins [20]	Dysphagia	36	f	Mid esophagus	7
2005	Gouveia [21]	Incidental: routine echocardiogram	59	m	Esophageal	13.5 × 8.5 × 7.6
2005	Manu [22]	Melena + dizziness	75	m	Lower esophagus	14 × 7 × 4
2005	Chang [8]	Dysphagia	36	m	Lower esophagus	6.5
2006	Basoglu [4]	Dyspnea + dysphagia + back pain	33	f	Thoracic esophagus	27
2007	Portale [23]	Melena + hematemesis	66	f	Lower esophagus	3.5
2009	Milman [24]	Incidental: CT workup for nephrolithiasis	82	m	Distal esophagus	11.0 × 8.0 × 4.0
2012	Kim [25]	Chest pain + epigastric discomfort + nuchal pain	71	f	Lower esophagus	10.0 × 8.0

Esophageal GISTs commonly present with dysphagia but bleeding, perforation, back pain, anorexia, regurgitation and weight loss have been reported. Dyspnea with the finding of a small tumor on chest X-ray is rare. Further, PET-CT can help to differentiate GISTs from sarcoma, but our case showed an SUV_max of 5.1 which can misclassify it as sarcoma [3, 8].

Initial biopsy and testing created a diagnostic dilemma because immunohistochemistry did not include CD117 immunostaining and diagnostic imaging was inconclusive. We present this case to raise physician awareness of such a rare presentation, so that the possibility of GISTs is considered in these situations, and CD117 testing be done if sarcoma histology is obtained.

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment of localized GISTs; targeted therapies like imatinib have shown overall survival benefit in high-risk patients after surgery [9, 10]. And in unresectable and metastatic disease, it has been approved as primary treatment. FDG-PET is helpful in assessing tumor response versus progression [10]. The PDGFRA mutation D842V, sporadic wild-type GISTs, mutations with succinate dehydrogenase or BRAF-mutated GISTs are unlikely to respond to imatinib [9].

Sunitinib is used as second-line treatment in advanced imatinib-failed patients. Ongoing trials involve sorafenib, nilotinib, pazopanib, regorafenib and cediranib for advanced GISTs [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. Future trials with combined or sequential use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors with other medications and personalized therapy after tumor molecular subtyping are promising in the management of GISTs [16].

Conclusion

Esophageal GISTs presenting with dyspnea and no dysphagia are rare. Our case report highlights the consideration of GISTs in the differential diagnosis of posterior mediastinal masses and emphasis on the necessity of CD117 staining in those situations which can alter the therapeutic and prognostic implication for the patient.