Terminal N-Acetylgalactosamine-Specific Leguminous Lectin from Wisteria japonica as a Probe for Human Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Keisuke Soga; Futaba Teruya; Hiroaki Tateno; Jun Hirabayashi; Kazuo Yamamoto

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083886

. 2013 Dec 13;8(12):e83886. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083886

Terminal N-Acetylgalactosamine-Specific Leguminous Lectin from Wisteria japonica as a Probe for Human Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Keisuke Soga ¹, Futaba Teruya ¹, Hiroaki Tateno ², Jun Hirabayashi ², Kazuo Yamamoto ^1,^*

Editor: Els JM van Damme³

PMCID: PMC3862811 PMID: 24349556

Abstract

Millettia japonica was recently reclassified into the genus Wisteria japonica based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. Because the seed of Wisteria floribunda expresses leguminous lectins with unique N-acetylgalactosamine-binding specificity, we purified lectin from Wisteria japonica seeds using ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Glycan microarray analysis demonstrated that unlike Wisteria floribunda and Wisteria brachybotrys lectins, which bind to both terminal N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose residues, Wisteria japonica lectin (WJA) specifically bound to both α- and β-linked terminal N-acetylgalactosamine, but not galactose residues on oligosaccharides and glycoproteins. Further, frontal affinity chromatography using more than 100 2-aminopyridine-labeled and p-nitrophenyl-derivatized oligosaccharides demonstrated that the ligands with the highest affinity for Wisteria japonica lectin were GalNAcβ1-3GlcNAc and GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc, with K _a values of 9.5 × 10⁴ and 1.4 × 10⁵ M^-1, respectively. In addition, when binding was assessed in a variety of cell lines, Wisteria japonica lectin bound specifically to EBC-1 and HEK293 cells while other Wisteria lectins bound equally to all of the cell lines tested. Wisteria japonica lectin binding to EBC-1 and HEK293 cells was dramatically decreased in the presence of N-acetylgalactosamine, but not galactose, mannose, or N-acetylglucosamine, and was completely abrogated by β-hexosaminidase-digestion of these cells. These results clearly demonstrate that Wisteria japonica lectin binds to terminal N-acetylgalactosamine but not galactose. In addition, histochemical analysis of human squamous cell carcinoma tissue sections demonstrated that Wisteria japonica lectin specifically bound to differentiated cancer tissues but not normal tissue. This novel binding characteristic of Wisteria japonica lectin has the potential to become a powerful tool for clinical applications.

Introduction

Many types of lectins, which are defined as proteins having the ability to bind sugars, have been isolated from bacteria, plant and animals. Cell surface glycans and oligosaccharides attached to proteins play important roles in cell-cell interactions and biological functions of the cell and glycoproteins in vivo. Glycoproteins in the blood and pathological tissues frequently possess unusual glycan structures. To investigate the significance of distinct glycosylation states, it is crucial to identify lectins that discriminate between unique and strict sugar structures among many kinds of oligosaccharides.

Wisteria japonica was first introduced to Europe by Phililpp von Siebold in 1830 together with Wisteria floribunda and Wisteria brachybotrys [1]. At that time, Wisteria japonica had been placed in the genus Millettia based on the terminal racemes in Wisteria as opposed to lateral racemes in Millettia [1] and the absence of a pair of thickened callosities, which differed from other Wisteria species [1]. However, recent sequence studies of chloroplast and nuclear DNA have shown that the Wisteria japonica belongs in the genus Wisteria rather than Millettia [1–4]. Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) has been studied in detail and is reported to have unique biological activities, including hemagglutinating capacity and the induction of lymphocyte activation [5–7]. WFA has a greater affinity for N-acetylgalactosaminides than for galactosides [8], and subsequent study demonstrated that it could bind to GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc [9], whose sugar sequence was first observed on the pituitary glycoprotein hormones, lutropin (LH), thyrotropin (TSH) and follitropin (FSH) [10,11]. However, this sugar structure is the most uncommon constituent of glycans on vertebrate proteins. The GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc sequence of oligosaccharides is formed by the activity of β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases, and such transferases are rarely expressed in distinct tissues and organs [12,13]. Recently, GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc modification of N-glycans has been well documented [14,15]; however, the implication of this novel modification with respect to the posttranslational control of protein function remains unknown because of the lack of a specific probe for the GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc sequence.

In the present study, we purified a novel leguminous lectin from Wisteria japonica seeds whose specificity is specific for GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc and GalNAcβ1-3GlcNAc sequences. Interestingly, the Wisteria japonica lectin (WJA) strongly bound to EBC-1 human squamous cell carcinoma cells and specifically stained the cancerous portions of lung specimens from lung squamous cell carcinoma patients.

Materials and Methods

Preparation of Wisteria lectins

Wisteria seeds (Wisteria floribunda, Wisteria brachybotrys, and Wisteria japonica) were purchased from Exotic Plants Co. (Tateyama, Japan) and classification of the seeds were confirmed by the help of Dr. Jin Murata (Koishikawa Botanical Gardens, The University of Tokyo). Purification of Wisteria lectins was performed according to the method of Toyoshima et al. [5] with minor modifications. Briefly, finely powdered Wisteria seeds were suspended in 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 0.15 M NaCl (PBS) and stirred at 4°C for 18 h. After centrifugation at 17,000 × g for 1 h, clear supernatant was combined with (NH₄)₂SO₄ to give 80% saturation. The precipitated fraction was obtained by centrifugation, resuspended in distilled water and dialyzed against 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 5.0). Lectin fractions were purified by cationic ion exchange chromatography on a Toyopearl SP-550C column (Toso, Tokyo, Japan) followed by gel filtration chromatography on a HiLoad 26/60 Superdex 200 column (prep grade, GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) using the AKTA Explorer system (GE Healthcare). The activity of lectin was monitored by hemagglutination using sialidase (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan)-treated mouse red blood cells. The purity of the lectin was checked by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis according to the method of Laemmli. Purified lectin fractions were dialyzed against distilled water and lyophilized. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the purified lectins were analyzed by a Procise 492cLC protein sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA).

Glycan microarray

The sugar-binding specificity of Wisteria lectins was analyzed by the glycan microarray described in detail in Figure S1 [16]. Wisteria lectins were labeled with Cy3-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS-Cy3, GE Healthcare) as described previously [16]. After removing excess amounts of NHS-Cy3 by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-25 column (GE Healthcare), Cy3-labeled Wisteria lectins (5 µg/ml) in a probing buffer [25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 0.15 M NaCl, 1% (v/v) Triton-X100, 1 mM MnCl₂, 1 mM CaCl₂] were applied to each chamber of a glass slide (100 µl/well) and incubated at 20°C for 18 h. After washing twice with probing buffer, the binding of lectins to the glycoconjugate microarray was detected using an evanescent field-activated fluorescence scanner, GlycoStation Reader 1200 (GlycoTechnica, Hokkaido, Japan) in Cy3 mode.

Frontal affinity chromatography (FAC)

WJA was coupled to NHS-activated Sepharose (GE Healthcare) at a concentration of 9.0 mg/ml according to the manufacturer's protocol. WJA-Sepharose was suspended in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6) containing 0.15 M NaCl (TBS) and then packed into a miniature column (2 mm × 10 mm). FAC was performed using an automated system (FAC-1), as described previously [17,18]. Briefly, the WJA-Sepharose column was slotted into a stainless holder and then connected to the FAC-1 machine. Flow rate and column temperature were kept at 0.125 ml/min and 25°C, respectively. After equilibration with TBS, additional volumes (0.5–0.8 ml) of 2-aminopyridine (PA)-labeled glycans or p-nitrophenyl (pNP)-derivatized glycans (3.7–7.5 μM) were successively injected into the column by an auto-sampling system. Elution of PA-glycans was monitored by fluorescence at an excitation wavelength of 310 nm and an emission wavelength of 380 nm. The elution front relative to that of PA-labeled Manα1-3Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAc, i.e., V-V₀, was then determined. The association constants (K _a) were obtained from the V-V₀ and B_t according to the FAC equation, V-V₀ = B_t × K _a [17,18]. In case of pNP-derivatized glycans, glycans were monitored at 280 nm and the elution front relative to that of pNP-α-fucose was measured.

Lectin staining of the cells

Daudi, EBC-1, HL60, HeLaS3, K562 and SW480 cells were obtained from the Cell Resource Center for Biochemical Research (Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan) and maintained in RPMI 1640 medium (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS), 100 µg/ml penicillin, 100 U/ml streptomycin, 2 mM glutamine, and 50 µM 2-mercaptoethanol under 5% CO₂ at 37°C. HEK293 and HeLa cells (Cell Resource Center for Biochemical Research) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FCS, 100 µg/ml penicillin, 100 U/ml streptomycin, 2 mM glutamine, and 50 µM 2-mercaptoethanol under 5% CO₂ at 37°C. To modify cell surface glycans, EBC-1 or HEK293 cells suspended in piperazine-1,4-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid)-NaOH (pH 6.0) containing 0.15 M NaCl, 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 0.1% NaN₃ were exposed to β-N-acetylhexosaminidase from Xanthomonas maninotis (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA) at 37°C for 1 h, and the binding of biotinylated WJA, WFA or WBA was then measured using flow cytometry. Briefly, 1 × 10⁵ cells in Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) containing 0.35 mg/ml NaHCO₃, 0.1% BSA and 0.1% NaN₃ was incubated at 4°C for 30 min with 1 µg/ml of each biotinylated lectin in the presence of 25 mM galactose (Gal), mannose, glucose, N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), or N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). After washing twice with HBSS, the cells were incubated with 1 µg/ml of R-phycoerythrin (PE)-labeled streptavidin (BioLegend, San Diego, CA) on ice for 30 min. After the cells were washed with HBSS and suspended in HBSS containing 1 µg/ml propidium iodide (PI), the fluorescence of the stained cells was measured using a FACS Calibur and CellQuest software (BD Biosystems, San Jose, CA). The fluorescence at 575 nm associated with PE on the surface of the cells was recorded and converted to a mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). In total, 10,000 events gated by forward and side scattering and exclusion of PI were acquired for analysis.

Lectin histochemistry

WJA staining was performed using biotinylated WJA. Human normal and cancerous lung tissue sections were purchased from Shanghai Outdo Biotech Co. (Shanghai, China). After the tissue sections were deparaffinized, endogenous peroxidase was blocked by incubating the sections with PBS containing 3% hydrogen peroxide. The sections were then blocked with PBS containing 0.5% BSA for 30 min at room temperature, followed by incubation with 2.5 µg/ml of biotinylated WJA in PBS at 4°C for 18 h. After washing the sections twice with PBS, the sections were incubated with avidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase complex using Vectastain Elite ABC kit (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA), washed twice with PBS and reacted with 3,3’-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) for visualization. The developed slides were washed four times with PBS and counterstained with hematoxylin. After washing with water, the sections were dehydrated and mounted. Sections were observed under a BX60 microscope equipped with a DP-71 digital camera system (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). WJA staining in the presence of 200 mM GalNAc was also performed as a negative control. Experiments using human materials were conducted in accordance with a comprehensive, high quality care program, which has been approved by the Life Science Research Committee of the Graduate School of Frontier Sciences of The University of Tokyo guided by the Life Science Committee of The University of Tokyo.

Results

Purification of Wisteria lectins

Ammonium sulfate fractions extracted from Wisteria japonica, Wisteria floribunda and Wisteria brachybotrys seeds were applied to an SP-Toyopearl 550C column and fractions with hemagglutinating activities were immediately eluted from Wisteria floribunda and Wisteria brachybotrys extracts when the buffer was changed to phosphate buffer containing 500 mM NaCl, as reported previously [5]. By contrast, hemagglutinating activity was recovered in the flow through fraction from Wisteria japonica with more than 80% purity. These flow through fractions were then subjected to gel filtration on a HiLoad 26/60 Superdex 200 column and the fraction with hemagglutinating activity was detected as a single peak corresponding to 120 kDa. Purified Wisteria japonica lectin (WJA) appeared as a single band with a relative molecular weight of 30 kDa on SDS-PAGE under both reducing and non-reducing conditions (Figure 1A). Wisteria floribunda lectin (WFA) and Wisteria brachybotrys lectin (WBA) were also purified on a HiLoad 26/60 Superdex 200 column as single bands with relative molecular weights of 28 kDa and 56 kDa on SDS-PAGE under reducing and non-reducing conditions, respectively (Figure 1A). The yields of WJA, WFA and WBA purified from 100 g of individual seeds were approximately 200, 100 and 100 mg, respectively. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of WJA, WFA and WBA are shown in Figure 1B. The 25 N-terminal amino acid residues of WFA and WBA were identical, while some of the N-terminal residues of WJA differed. Based on protein BLAST homology search, WJA is highly homologous to GalNAc-binding Vicia villosa lectin (VVA-B4), Sophora japonica lectin (SJA), soybean lectin (SBA), fucose-binding Ulex europaeus lectin-I (UEA-I), mannose-binding Lens culinaris (LCA) and Lathyrus ochrus lectins (LOA), and sialylgalactose-binding Maackia amurensis leukoagglutinin (MAL) (Figure 1C).

(A) SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified *Wisteria* *floribunda* (WFA), *Wisteria* *brachybotrys* (WBA) and *Wisteria* *japonica* (WJA) lectins under non-reducing and reducing conditions. (B) N-terminal amino acid sequences of WFA, WBA and WJA. Identical amino acid residues are highlighted. (C) N-terminal amino acid homology between WJA and other leguminous lectins. Identical amino acid residues are highlighted. *Vicia* *virosa* isolectin B4 (VVA-B4), *Sophra* *japonica* lectin (SJA), soybean lectin (SBA), *Ulex* *europeus* lectin-I (UEA-I), *Lachrus* *ochrus* lectin (LOA), *Lens* *curinaris* lectin (LCA), and *Maackia* *amurensis* leukoagglutinin (MAL).

Glycan microarray analysis of Wisteria lectins

To compare the sugar-binding specificities of Wisteria lectins, Cy3-labeled lectins were subjected to glycan microarray with a variety of polyacrylamide-derivatized oligosaccharide polymers and glycoproteins (Figure S1). WFA is widely used as a GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc-specific probe [9,19–21] since a lectin with GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc-binding specificity is unique among lectins, whose specificities are precisely determined [22]. Actually, microarray data showed that WFA bound to α- and β-linked terminal GalNAc-containing oligosaccharides, including GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc (Figure 2 and Figure S2). Approximately 70% of total sugar moieties from bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) are NeuAcα2-6GalNAc [23], thus asialo BSM, which contains predominantly GalNAc residues, was a good ligand for WFA. Further, asialo and agalacto α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and asialo thyroglobulin (TG) were also good ligands for WFA, indicating that WFA could also bind to terminal Gal residues. WFA bound to agalactosylated α1-acid glycoprotein (Figure 2, glycan 72). This protein has tetraantennary complex-type glycans, indicating that terminal GlcNAc having the sequence GlcNAcβ1-2Man, GlcNAcβ1-4Man, or GlcNAcβ1-6Man may be the ligand of this lectin. WBA showed the same sugar binding specificity as WFA (Figure S2). By contrast, WJA bound to oligosaccharides and glycoproteins possessing non-reducing α- and β-linked GalNAc residues, but not Gal, without exception (Figure 2B).

(A) Structures of polyacrylamide-based oligosaccharides and glycoproteins used for glycan array analysis. All oligosaccharides and glycoproteins used in this experiment (98 in total) are shown in Figure S1. Symbols corresponding to each monosaccharide are shown in the panel. Thin and thick bars represent alpha- and beta-linkages, respectively. Glycosidic linkage positions are shown by the numbers on the lower side of the panel. (B) Binding of each *Wisteria* lectin measured by an evanescent field-activated fluorescence scanner is shown. Oligosaccharides and glycoproteins are classified based on terminal sugar residues and indicated at the top of the upper panel. The data shown are the mean ± SD from three independent spots.

Frontal affinity chromatography of WJA

To determine the precise sugar-binding specificity of WJA, FAC was performed using more than 100 different PA-labeled glycans and pNP-derivatized glycans (Figure S3). As shown in Figure 3 and Figure S4, WJA bound specifically to GalNAcβ1-3GlcNAc (LDN1) and GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc (LDN2) with K _a values of 9.5 × 10⁴ and 1.4 × 10⁵ M^-1, respectively. GalNAcβ1-3Gal and GalNAcβ1-4Gal also showed high affinity for WJA (Figure 3). The alpha and beta isomers of GalNAc (GalNAc-a,b) were also good ligands for WJA, with K _a values of 1.6 × 10⁴ and 2.6 × 10⁴ M^-1, respectively. Since approximately 70% of total sugar moieties from asialo BSM are GalNAcα-Ser/Thr [23], the data obtained from the glycan array (Figure 2) was in good agreement with that produced by FAC (Figure 3). These data obtained by FAC analysis showed that WJA bound to oligosaccharides possessing non-reducing GalNAc residues, but not Gal.

(A) Structures of PA-labeled and pNP-derivatized oligosaccharides used for FAC. All of the oligosaccharides used in this experiment (130 total) are shown in Figure S3. (B) The K _a value of each oligosaccharide for WJA was calculated as described in Materials and Methods. The K _a values represent the results of three independent experiments.

Lectin staining of human cancer cell lines

To examine the capacity of WJA to recognize cells derived from human cancerous tissues, lectin staining of several human cancer cell lines was performed and analyzed quantitatively using flow cytometry. WFA bound equally to all cell lines tested (Figure 4A), and WBA showed the same binding patterns as WFA (Figure 4A). By contrast, WJA preferentially bound to the human squamous cell carcinoma cell line, EBC-1, and human embryonic kidney-derived HEK293 cells, but not to Daudi, HL60, HeLa, HeLaS3, HepG2 or K562 cells (Figure 4A). The binding of WJA to EBC-1 and HEK293 cells was completely inhibited in the presence of 25 mM GalNAc, whereas the binding of WFA and WBA were not significantly abrogated by GalNAc (Figure 4B and Figure 4C). To assess the involvement of non-reducing terminal GalNAc residues in WJA, WFA and WBA binding to EBC-1 cells, binding of these Wisteria lectins to the cells was measured following β-hexosaminidase treatment of the cells. As shown in Figure 4D, WJA binding to EBC-1 cells was markedly decreased after the cells were treated with β-hexosaminidase, whereas the binding of WFA or WBA was only partially abrogated by this treatment (Figure 4D). These results strongly suggest that WJA binds specifically to terminal GalNAc residues.

(A) Daudi, EBC-1, HEK293, HL60, HeLa, HeLaS3, K562, or SW480 cells were incubated with PE-labeled streptavidin alone as a control (thin line) or with 1 µg/ml biotinylated WJA, WFA or WBA followed by PE-labeled streptavidin (filled histogram) and then analyzed by flow cytometry. (B) The binding of WJA, WFA, or WBA to EBC-1 cells as measured by flow cytometry in the presence (thin line) or absence (filled histogram) of 25 mM each of the indicated monosaccharide under the same conditions described in (A). (C) The binding of WJA, WFA, or WBA to HEK293 cells was measured by flow cytometry in the presence (thin line) or absence (filled histogram) of 25 mM each of the indicated monosaccharide under the same conditions described in (A). (D) Non-treated (upper panel) or β-hexosaminidase-treated (lower panel) EBC-1 cells were incubated with WJA, WFA or WBA, respectively, and binding was analyzed by flow cytometry as described in (A) (filled histogram). Thin lines show the histogram of cells incubated with PE-labeled streptavidin alone.

Histochemical staining of human cancerous lung tissues

Because EBC-1 cells were derived from a human lung squamous cell carcinoma, we performed WJA staining of human normal and cancerous lung tissues to explore the potential utility of WJA staining for use in histochemical studies. Interestingly, the cancerous portions of lung tissue samples derived from lung squamous cell carcinoma patients distinctly reacted with WJA (Figure 5B,F), whereas normal lung tissue from the same patients were not stained by the lectin (Figure 5A,E). The cancerous area was similarly stained with WFA compared to that stained with WJA (Figure 5D,H), which may be reasonable because WFA showed the similar sugar-binding specificity compared with that of WJA. However, normal lung tissues were also stained with WFA (Figure 5C,G), which may be explained by the data showing that WFA has affinity for both terminal GalNAc and terminal Gal (Figure 2B). These results indicate that WJA may be a powerful tool for the diagnosis of human lung squamous cell carcinoma.

Paraffin-embedded sections of human lung tissues obtained from lung squamous cell carcinomas were stained with WJA (A,B,E,F) or WFA (C,D,G,H) (brown color) and counterstained with hematoxylin. Representative data (from a 64-year-old male (A,B,C,D) and a 71-year-old male (E,F,G,H)) from 6 WJA-positive cases are shown. Cancerous portions (B,D,F,H) and normal portions (A,C,E,G) of the lung are shown. Scale bar = 200 µm.

Discussion

In the present study, we purified a novel leguminous lectin with glycan-binding specificity for terminal GalNAc residues from Wisteria japonica seeds. Wisteria japonica, which had been classified as a Millettia species for over 100 years, was recently reclassified as a member of the genus Wisteria [1]. Interestingly, WJA possesses sugar-binding specificity for GalNAc, but not for Gal, which was quite different from other lectins of the Wisteria species, including WFA, WBA (Figure 2 and Figure 4) and Wisteria sinensis lectin (WSA) [24,25]. WJA strongly bound to GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc and GalNAcβ1-3GlcNAc with a K _a of approximately 10⁵ M^-1, GalNAcβ1-4Galβ1-4Glc and GalNAcβ1-4(NeuAcα2-3)Galβ1-4Glc with a K _a of around 4 × 10⁴ M^-1, and the α and β isomers of GalNAc with a K _a of approximately 2 × 10⁴ M^-1, respectively (Figure 3B). WJA is the first example of a lectin that can bind to the type I diacetyllactosamine, GalNAcβ1-3GlcNAc. In addition to binding terminal GalNAc-containing glycans, glycan array analysis revealed that unlike WJA, WFA and WBA bound to asialo α1-acid glycoproteins and agalacto α1-acid glycoproteins, whose N-glycans have the terminal sequences Galβ1-4GlcNAc and GlcNAcβ1-2(4)Man, respectively (Figure 2B). Other WSA also have high affinity for both terminal GalNAc and Galβ1-4GlcNAc [25], which is similar to the binding pattern exhibited by WFA and WBA, but not WJA. This is also consistent with our results showing that the hemagglutinating activities of WFA and WBA in sialidase-treated mouse erythrocytes, which possess abundant oligosaccharides possessing terminal Gal residues, were approximately 4-times stronger than that of WJA (data not shown). These findings demonstrate that WJA exhibits significant binding specificity for terminal GalNAc residues compared with other Wisteria lectins, including WFA, WBA and WSA.

Terminal GalNAcβ1-4(3)GlcNAc sugar sequences are produced by β4GalNAc-T3 [12], β4GalNAc-T4 [13], and β3GalNAc-T2 [26] in humans. Expression of these N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases in human tissues was quantitatively analyzed using real-time PCR. β4GalNAc-T4 is responsible for the in vivo synthesis of GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc on glycoprotein hormones, such as lutropin [13]. In adult and fetal brain tissues, β4GalNAc-T4 is expressed at high levels, while β4GalNAc-T3 is not [13]. β4GalNAc-T4 is also expressed in some fetal tissues, such as kidney and lung, while β4GalNAc-T3 is expressed in the stomach, colon and testis. Furthermore, β3GalNAc-T2 is expressed in the testis, adipose tissues and skeletal muscle, although oligosaccharides having GalNAcβ1-3GlcNAc sequence have not been detected in these tissues yet [26]. Transcripts of these glycosyltransferases were specifically monitored by quantitative real-time PCR; however, their products could not monitored easily because of the lack of specific lectins or antibodies against this glycoepitope. For this reason, WJA may be a powerful tool for detecting this important epitope.

Expression of β4GalNAc-T3 and β4GalNAc-T4 transferases in human cell lines has also been reported [12,13]. It is well known that the GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc glycoepitope is rarely displayed on HEK293 cells [19,27], and further, that β4GalNAc-T3 and β4GalNAc-T4, which produce GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc, are expressed in EBC-1 and HEK293 cells [12,13]. In our study, HEK293 and EBC-1 cells were stained well with WJA (Figure 4A), while Daudi and HL60 cells, which express neither β4GalNAc-T3 nor β4GalNAc-T4 [12,13], were not stained with WJA. These results demonstrate a good correlation between the expression of these GalNAc transferases and WJA binding. By contrast, WFA and WBA bound to all cells tested (Figure 4A), even though the expression levels of β4GalNAc-T3 and β4GalNAc-T4 varied widely among these cells. These results suggest that the binding of WJA is predominantly influenced by the presence of GalNAcβ1-4(3)GlcNAc, whereas WFA and WBA binding to the cells may depend on both GalNAcβ1-4(3)GlcNAc and terminal Gal-containing glycans.

In this study, we demonstrated that WJA bound strongly to EBC-1 cells established from a human squamous cell carcinoma. Thus, tissue samples from lung squamous cell carcinoma patients were subjected to staining with WJA. Interestingly, the cancerous portions of the tissue samples stained with WJA, whereas the non-cancerous areas did not (Figure 5). Recently, it was reported that β4GalNAc-T3 enhanced malignant phenotypes of colon cancer cells [28]. Other group reported that β4GalNAc-T3 suppressed malignant phenotype of neuroblastomas by decreasing β1 integrin expression via GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc signaling [29]. Moreover, WFA-binding proteins were reported as biomarker candidates for human cholangiocarcinoma [30,31]. Although the effect of β4GalNAc-T3 remains controversial, these results suggest that β4GalNAc-T3, β4GalNAc-T4, and/or β3GalNAc-T2 may be ectopically expressed in association with malignant transformation of squamous cells, resulting in the expression of glycans containing GalNAcβ1-4(3)GlcNAc. This hypothesis must be verified biochemically and histochemically. Further understanding of the mechanism of induced expression of these glycosyltransferases should be helpful for understanding of functional importance of GalNAcβ1-4(3)GlcNAc and the feasibility of clinical application of WJA.

Supporting Information

Figure S1

Structures of glycans used for glycan array analysis. Structures of polyacrylamide-based oligosaccharides and glycoproteins used for glycan array analysis. Symbols corresponding to each monosaccharide are shown in the panel. Thin and thick bars represent alpha- and beta-linkages, respectively. Glycosidic linkage positions are shown by the numbers on the lower side of the panel.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(477.1KB, tif)}

Figure S2

Glycan array analysis of Wisteria lectins. Binding of each Wisteria lectin with glycans (see Figure S1) was measured by an evanescent field-activated fluorescence scanner. Oligosaccharides and glycoproteins are classified based on terminal sugar residues and indicated at the top of the upper panel.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(121.3KB, tif)}

Figure S3

Structures of glycans used for frontal affinity chromatography (FAC). Structures of PA-labeled and pNP-derivatized oligosaccharides used for FAC (130 total) are shown. Symbols corresponding to each monosaccharide are shown in the panel. Thin and thick bars represent alpha- and beta-linkages, respectively. Glycosidic linkage positions are shown by the numbers on the lower side of the panel.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(431.7KB, tif)}

Figure S4

Frontal affinity chromatography analysis of WJA. The K _a value of each oligosaccharide (see Figure S3) for WJA was calculated as described in Materials and Methods.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(177.7KB, tif)}

Acknowledgments

The authors thank K. Hiemori, AIST, for technical supports about FAC and lectin microarray analyses. We also thank T. Yasuda, The University of Tokyo, for her technical advices about immunohistochemistry.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (http://www.jsps.go.jp) (24390015, 24659026, and 25117710, to KY) and by a Grant-in-Aid from The Naito Foundation (https://www.naito-f.or.jp) (to KY). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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1. Compton JA, Thijsse G (2013) The type of Wisteria japonica (Fabaceae): research into material for new names published in the first section of Siebold and Zuccarini's Flora Japonica. Willdenowia 43: 113-120. doi: 10.3372/wi.43.43113. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
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3. Hu JM, Lavin M, Wojciechowski MF, Sanderson MJ (2002) Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal ITS/5.8S sequences in the Tribe Millettieae (Fabaceae): Poecilanthe-Cyclolobium, the core Millettieae, and the Callerya group. Systematic Botany 27: 722-733. [Google Scholar]
4. Huang J, Lu X, Yan H, Chen S, Zhang W et al. (2012) Transcriptome characterization and sequencing-based identification of salt-responsive genes in Millettia pinnata, a semi-mangrove plant. DNA Res 19: 195-207. doi: 10.1093/dnares/dss004. PubMed: 22351699. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5. Toyoshima S, Akiyama Y, Nakano K, Tonomura A, Osawa T (1971) A phytomitogen from Wistaria floribunda seeds and its interaction with human peripheral lymphocytes. Biochemistry 10: 4457-4463. doi: 10.1021/bi00800a016. PubMed: 5142618. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6. Baker DA, Sugii S, Kabat EA, Ratcliffe RM, Hermentin P et al. (1983) Immunochemical studies on the combining sites of Forssman hapten reactive hemagglutinins from Dolichos biflorus, Helix pomatia, and Wistaria floribunda . Biochemistry 22: 2741-2750. doi: 10.1021/bi00280a023. PubMed: 6603233. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7. Torres BV, McCrumb DK, Smith DF (1988) Glycolipid-lectin interactions: reactivity of lectins from Helix pomatia, Wisteria floribunda, and Dolichos biflorus with glycolipids containing N-acetylgalactosamine. Arch Biochem Biophys 262: 1-11. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90161-0. PubMed: 3355161. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8. Sugii S, Kabat EA (1980) Immunochemical specificity of the combining site of Wistaria floribunda hemagglutinin. Biochemistry 19: 1192-1199. doi: 10.1021/bi00547a024. PubMed: 6154472. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9. Ikehara Y, Sato T, Niwa T, Nakamura S, Gotoh M et al. (2006) Apical Golgi localization of N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine synthase, β4GalNAc-T3, is responsible for LacdiNAc expression on gastric mucosa. Glycobiology 16: 777-785. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwl005. PubMed: 16728562. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10. Green ED, Baenziger JU (1988) Asparagine-linked oligosaccharides on lutropin, follitropin, and thyrotropin. I. Structural elucidation of the sulfated and sialylated oligosaccharides on bovine, ovine, and human pituitary glycoprotein hormones. J Biol Chem 263: 25-35. PubMed: 3121609. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11. Green ED, Baenziger JU (1988) Asparagine-linked oligosaccharides on lutropin, follitropin, and thyrotropin. II. Distributions of sulfated and sialylated oligosaccharides on bovine, ovine, and human pituitary glycoprotein hormones. J Biol Chem 263: 36-44. PubMed: 3121612. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12. Sato T, Gotoh M, Kiyohara K, Kameyama A, Kubota T et al. (2003) Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel human β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, β4GalNAc-T3, responsible for the synthesis of N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine, GalNAc β1-4GlcNAc. J Biol Chem 278: 47534-47544. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M308857200. PubMed: 12966086. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13. Gotoh M, Sato T, Kiyohara K, Kameyama A, Kikuchi N et al. (2004) Molecular cloning and characterization of β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases IV synthesizing N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine. FEBS Lett 562: 134-140. doi: 10.1016/S0014-5793(04)00219-4. PubMed: 15044014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
14. Nimtz M, Conradt HS, Mann K (2004) LacdiNAc (GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc) is a major motif in N-glycan structures of the chicken eggshell protein ovocleidin-116. Biochim Biophys Acta 1675: 71-80. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.08.007. PubMed: 15535969. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15. Hanisch FG, Ragge H, Kalinski T, Meyer F, Kalbacher H et al. (2013) Human gastric TFF2 peptide contains an N-linked fucosylated N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine (LacdiNAc) oligosaccharide. Glycobiology 23: 2-11. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cws131. PubMed: 22997242. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16. Tateno H, Mori A, Uchiyama N, Yabe R, Iwaki J et al. (2008) Glycoconjugate microarray based on an evanescent-field fluorescence-assisted detection principle for investigation of glycan-binding proteins. Glycobiology 18: 789-798. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwn068. PubMed: 18633134. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
17. Hirabayashi J, Arata Y, Kasai K (2003) Frontal affinity chromatography as a tool for elucidation of sugar recognition properties of lectins. Methods Enzymol 362: 353-368. doi: 10.1016/S0076-6879(03)01025-5. PubMed: 12968376. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
18. Tateno H, Nakamura-Tsuruta S, Hirabayashi J (2007) Frontal affinity chromatography: sugar-protein interactions. Nat Protoc 2: 2529-2537. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2007.357. PubMed: 17947995. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19. Do KY, Do SI, Cummings RD (1997) Differential expression of LacdiNAc sequences (GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc-R) in glycoproteins synthesized by Chinese hamster ovary and human 293 cells. Glycobiology 7: 183-194. doi: 10.1093/glycob/7.2.183. PubMed: 9134425. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
20. Kitamura N, Guo S, Sato T, Hiraizumi S, Taka J et al. (2003) Prognostic significance of reduced expression of β-N-acetylgalactosaminylated N-linked oligosaccharides in human breast cancer. Int J Cancer 105: 533-541. doi: 10.1002/ijc.11115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
21. Sasaki N, Shinomi M, Hirano K, Ui-Tei K, Nishihara S (2011) LacdiNAc (GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc) contributes to self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells by regulating leukemia inhibitory factor/STAT3 signaling. Stem Cells 29: 641-650. doi: 10.1002/stem.615. PubMed: 21305673. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
22. Nakata N, Furukawa K, Greenwalt DE, Sato T, Kobata A (1993) Structural study of the sugar chains of CD36 purified from bovine mammary epithelial cells: occurrence of novel hybrid-type sugar chains containing the Neu5Acα2-6GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc and the Manα1-2Manα1-3Manα1-6Man groups. Biochemistry 32: 4369-4383. doi: 10.1021/bi00067a029. PubMed: 7682847. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
23. Tsuji T, Yamamoto K, Konami Y, Irimura T, Osawa T (1982) Separation of acidic oligosaccharides by liquid chromatography: application to analysis of sugar chains of glycoproteins. Carbohydr Res 109: 259-269. doi: 10.1016/0008-6215(82)84043-3. PubMed: 7151056. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
24. Ahmed H, Chatterjee BP (1988) Wistaria sinensis agglutinin: purification, carbohydrate specificity, and characterisation of the combining site. Carbohydr Res 177: 173-183. doi: 10.1016/0008-6215(88)85051-1. PubMed: 3167885. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
25. Song SS, Chen YY, Herp A, Tsai MS, Wu AM (1999) Lectinochemical characterization of a GalNAc and multi-Galβ1-4GlcNAc reactive lectin from Wistaria sinensis seeds. Eur J Biochem 266: 778-788. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00908.x. PubMed: 10583371. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
26. Hiruma T, Togayachi A, Okamura K, Sato T, Kikuchi N et al. (2004) A novel human β1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase that synthesizes a unique carbohydrate structure, GalNAcβ1-3GlcNAc. J Biol Chem 279: 14087-14095. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M310614200. PubMed: 14724282. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
27. Yan SB, Chao YB, van Halbeek H (1993) Novel Asn-linked oligosaccharides terminating in GalNAcβ(1-4)[Fucα(1-3)]GlcNAcβ(1-) are present in recombinant human protein C expressed in human kidney 293 cells. Glycobiology 3: 597-608. doi: 10.1093/glycob/3.6.597. PubMed: 8130392. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
28. Huang J, Liang JT, Huang HC, Shen TL, Chen HY et al. (2007) β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase III enhances malignant phenotypes of colon cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 5: 543-552. doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-06-0431. PubMed: 17579116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
29. Hsu WM, Che MI, Liao YF, Chang HH, Chen CH et al. (2011) B4GALNT3 expression predicts a favorable prognosis and suppresses cell migration and invasion via β1 integrin signaling in neuroblastoma. Am J Pathol 179: 1394-1404. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.025. PubMed: 21741930. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
30. Matsuda A, Kuno A, Kawamoto T, Matsuzaki H, Irimura T et al. (2010) Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive mucin 1 is a sensitive biliary marker for human cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 52: 174-182. doi: 10.1016/S0168-8278(10)60429-1. PubMed: 20578261. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
31. Matsuda A, Kuno A, Matsuzaki H, Kawamoto T, Shikanai T et al. (2013) Glycoproteomics-based cancer marker discovery adopting dual enrichment with Wisteria floribunda agglutinin for high specific glyco-diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. J Proteomics 85: 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.04.017. PubMed: 23612463. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Figure S1

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(477.1KB, tif)}

Figure S2

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(121.3KB, tif)}

Figure S3

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(431.7KB, tif)}

Figure S4

Frontal affinity chromatography analysis of WJA. The K _a value of each oligosaccharide (see Figure S3) for WJA was calculated as described in Materials and Methods.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(177.7KB, tif)}

[B1] 1. Compton JA, Thijsse G (2013) The type of Wisteria japonica (Fabaceae): research into material for new names published in the first section of Siebold and Zuccarini's Flora Japonica. Willdenowia 43: 113-120. doi: 10.3372/wi.43.43113. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B2] 2. Hu JM, Lavin M, Wojciechowski MF, Sanderson MJ (2000) Phylogenetic systematics of the tribe Millettieae (Leguminosae) based on chloroplast trnK/matK sequences and its implications for evolutionary patterns in Papilionoideae. Am J Bot 87: 418-430. doi: 10.2307/2656638. PubMed: 10719003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B3] 3. Hu JM, Lavin M, Wojciechowski MF, Sanderson MJ (2002) Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal ITS/5.8S sequences in the Tribe Millettieae (Fabaceae): Poecilanthe-Cyclolobium, the core Millettieae, and the Callerya group. Systematic Botany 27: 722-733. [Google Scholar]

[B4] 4. Huang J, Lu X, Yan H, Chen S, Zhang W et al. (2012) Transcriptome characterization and sequencing-based identification of salt-responsive genes in Millettia pinnata, a semi-mangrove plant. DNA Res 19: 195-207. doi: 10.1093/dnares/dss004. PubMed: 22351699. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B5] 5. Toyoshima S, Akiyama Y, Nakano K, Tonomura A, Osawa T (1971) A phytomitogen from Wistaria floribunda seeds and its interaction with human peripheral lymphocytes. Biochemistry 10: 4457-4463. doi: 10.1021/bi00800a016. PubMed: 5142618. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B6] 6. Baker DA, Sugii S, Kabat EA, Ratcliffe RM, Hermentin P et al. (1983) Immunochemical studies on the combining sites of Forssman hapten reactive hemagglutinins from Dolichos biflorus, Helix pomatia, and Wistaria floribunda . Biochemistry 22: 2741-2750. doi: 10.1021/bi00280a023. PubMed: 6603233. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B7] 7. Torres BV, McCrumb DK, Smith DF (1988) Glycolipid-lectin interactions: reactivity of lectins from Helix pomatia, Wisteria floribunda, and Dolichos biflorus with glycolipids containing N-acetylgalactosamine. Arch Biochem Biophys 262: 1-11. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90161-0. PubMed: 3355161. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B8] 8. Sugii S, Kabat EA (1980) Immunochemical specificity of the combining site of Wistaria floribunda hemagglutinin. Biochemistry 19: 1192-1199. doi: 10.1021/bi00547a024. PubMed: 6154472. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B9] 9. Ikehara Y, Sato T, Niwa T, Nakamura S, Gotoh M et al. (2006) Apical Golgi localization of N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine synthase, β4GalNAc-T3, is responsible for LacdiNAc expression on gastric mucosa. Glycobiology 16: 777-785. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwl005. PubMed: 16728562. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B10] 10. Green ED, Baenziger JU (1988) Asparagine-linked oligosaccharides on lutropin, follitropin, and thyrotropin. I. Structural elucidation of the sulfated and sialylated oligosaccharides on bovine, ovine, and human pituitary glycoprotein hormones. J Biol Chem 263: 25-35. PubMed: 3121609. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B11] 11. Green ED, Baenziger JU (1988) Asparagine-linked oligosaccharides on lutropin, follitropin, and thyrotropin. II. Distributions of sulfated and sialylated oligosaccharides on bovine, ovine, and human pituitary glycoprotein hormones. J Biol Chem 263: 36-44. PubMed: 3121612. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B12] 12. Sato T, Gotoh M, Kiyohara K, Kameyama A, Kubota T et al. (2003) Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel human β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, β4GalNAc-T3, responsible for the synthesis of N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine, GalNAc β1-4GlcNAc. J Biol Chem 278: 47534-47544. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M308857200. PubMed: 12966086. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B13] 13. Gotoh M, Sato T, Kiyohara K, Kameyama A, Kikuchi N et al. (2004) Molecular cloning and characterization of β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases IV synthesizing N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine. FEBS Lett 562: 134-140. doi: 10.1016/S0014-5793(04)00219-4. PubMed: 15044014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B14] 14. Nimtz M, Conradt HS, Mann K (2004) LacdiNAc (GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc) is a major motif in N-glycan structures of the chicken eggshell protein ovocleidin-116. Biochim Biophys Acta 1675: 71-80. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.08.007. PubMed: 15535969. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B15] 15. Hanisch FG, Ragge H, Kalinski T, Meyer F, Kalbacher H et al. (2013) Human gastric TFF2 peptide contains an N-linked fucosylated N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine (LacdiNAc) oligosaccharide. Glycobiology 23: 2-11. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cws131. PubMed: 22997242. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B16] 16. Tateno H, Mori A, Uchiyama N, Yabe R, Iwaki J et al. (2008) Glycoconjugate microarray based on an evanescent-field fluorescence-assisted detection principle for investigation of glycan-binding proteins. Glycobiology 18: 789-798. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwn068. PubMed: 18633134. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B17] 17. Hirabayashi J, Arata Y, Kasai K (2003) Frontal affinity chromatography as a tool for elucidation of sugar recognition properties of lectins. Methods Enzymol 362: 353-368. doi: 10.1016/S0076-6879(03)01025-5. PubMed: 12968376. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B18] 18. Tateno H, Nakamura-Tsuruta S, Hirabayashi J (2007) Frontal affinity chromatography: sugar-protein interactions. Nat Protoc 2: 2529-2537. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2007.357. PubMed: 17947995. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B19] 19. Do KY, Do SI, Cummings RD (1997) Differential expression of LacdiNAc sequences (GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc-R) in glycoproteins synthesized by Chinese hamster ovary and human 293 cells. Glycobiology 7: 183-194. doi: 10.1093/glycob/7.2.183. PubMed: 9134425. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B20] 20. Kitamura N, Guo S, Sato T, Hiraizumi S, Taka J et al. (2003) Prognostic significance of reduced expression of β-N-acetylgalactosaminylated N-linked oligosaccharides in human breast cancer. Int J Cancer 105: 533-541. doi: 10.1002/ijc.11115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B21] 21. Sasaki N, Shinomi M, Hirano K, Ui-Tei K, Nishihara S (2011) LacdiNAc (GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc) contributes to self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells by regulating leukemia inhibitory factor/STAT3 signaling. Stem Cells 29: 641-650. doi: 10.1002/stem.615. PubMed: 21305673. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B22] 22. Nakata N, Furukawa K, Greenwalt DE, Sato T, Kobata A (1993) Structural study of the sugar chains of CD36 purified from bovine mammary epithelial cells: occurrence of novel hybrid-type sugar chains containing the Neu5Acα2-6GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc and the Manα1-2Manα1-3Manα1-6Man groups. Biochemistry 32: 4369-4383. doi: 10.1021/bi00067a029. PubMed: 7682847. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B23] 23. Tsuji T, Yamamoto K, Konami Y, Irimura T, Osawa T (1982) Separation of acidic oligosaccharides by liquid chromatography: application to analysis of sugar chains of glycoproteins. Carbohydr Res 109: 259-269. doi: 10.1016/0008-6215(82)84043-3. PubMed: 7151056. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B24] 24. Ahmed H, Chatterjee BP (1988) Wistaria sinensis agglutinin: purification, carbohydrate specificity, and characterisation of the combining site. Carbohydr Res 177: 173-183. doi: 10.1016/0008-6215(88)85051-1. PubMed: 3167885. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B25] 25. Song SS, Chen YY, Herp A, Tsai MS, Wu AM (1999) Lectinochemical characterization of a GalNAc and multi-Galβ1-4GlcNAc reactive lectin from Wistaria sinensis seeds. Eur J Biochem 266: 778-788. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00908.x. PubMed: 10583371. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B26] 26. Hiruma T, Togayachi A, Okamura K, Sato T, Kikuchi N et al. (2004) A novel human β1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase that synthesizes a unique carbohydrate structure, GalNAcβ1-3GlcNAc. J Biol Chem 279: 14087-14095. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M310614200. PubMed: 14724282. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B27] 27. Yan SB, Chao YB, van Halbeek H (1993) Novel Asn-linked oligosaccharides terminating in GalNAcβ(1-4)[Fucα(1-3)]GlcNAcβ(1-) are present in recombinant human protein C expressed in human kidney 293 cells. Glycobiology 3: 597-608. doi: 10.1093/glycob/3.6.597. PubMed: 8130392. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B28] 28. Huang J, Liang JT, Huang HC, Shen TL, Chen HY et al. (2007) β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase III enhances malignant phenotypes of colon cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 5: 543-552. doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-06-0431. PubMed: 17579116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B29] 29. Hsu WM, Che MI, Liao YF, Chang HH, Chen CH et al. (2011) B4GALNT3 expression predicts a favorable prognosis and suppresses cell migration and invasion via β1 integrin signaling in neuroblastoma. Am J Pathol 179: 1394-1404. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.025. PubMed: 21741930. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B30] 30. Matsuda A, Kuno A, Kawamoto T, Matsuzaki H, Irimura T et al. (2010) Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive mucin 1 is a sensitive biliary marker for human cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 52: 174-182. doi: 10.1016/S0168-8278(10)60429-1. PubMed: 20578261. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B31] 31. Matsuda A, Kuno A, Matsuzaki H, Kawamoto T, Shikanai T et al. (2013) Glycoproteomics-based cancer marker discovery adopting dual enrichment with Wisteria floribunda agglutinin for high specific glyco-diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. J Proteomics 85: 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.04.017. PubMed: 23612463. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

PERMALINK

Terminal N-Acetylgalactosamine-Specific Leguminous Lectin from Wisteria japonica as a Probe for Human Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Keisuke Soga

Futaba Teruya

Hiroaki Tateno

Jun Hirabayashi

Kazuo Yamamoto

Roles

Abstract

Introduction