Pitfall of bispectral index during intraoperative seizure -a case report-

Abstract

We report a case of a 42-year-old male who developed generalized tonic-clonic seizure with sudden, brief decrease in bispectral index (BIS) value while undergoing emergency kidney transplantation. Few reports have been made on intraoperative pitfall of BIS value associated with seizure. This case report suggests seizure should be taken into account as a reason for such brief fall of BIS, especially while under general anesthesia or in other specific cases in which clinical signs of seizure are unseen.

Bispectral index (BIS) has been a useful modality to reliably assess patient's sedative-hypnotic status during anesthesia [1,2]. However, few reports have been made on abnormal BIS patterns with the patient having seizure intraoperatively [3,4]. We report a case of a patient with no history of epilepsy, showing abnormal patterns of BIS values with clinical seizure, while under general anesthesia for kidney transplantation.

Case Report

A 42-year-old male patient with chronic renal failure underwent emergency kidney transplantation. The patient had undergone kidney transplantation 15 years previously, but graft failure had occurred 7 years previously. Ever since then, the patient had been on hemodialysis. Preoperative laboratory findings showed serum sodium 126 mmol/L with uric acid 5.9 mg/dl. The patient had no medical history of epilepsy.

Anesthesia was induced with propofol 100 mg, fentanyl 100 µg, and atracurium 25 mg. After tracheal intubation, ventilation was controlled to keep end-tidal CO₂ (ETCO₂) maintained around 35 mmHg. Monitors included invasive right radial arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure through right internal jugular vein, pulse oximetry, electrocardiography, peripheral nerve stimulation applying train-of-four stimulation, body temperature using esophageal temperature probe, and bispectral index (BisVISTA, Aspect Medical Systems, Newton, MA, USA). Anesthesia was maintained with desflurane 5-6% based on hemodynamic measurements and BIS values, O₂ with Air (1 : 1, FiO₂ 60%), and muscle relaxation was achieved by using atracurium. Fluid replacement was done with 0.45% saline.

The BIS value dropped to 40 following the induction sequences and was stably maintained 40-50 afterward. About 4 hours after the beginning of surgery, when surgery was almost over and surgeons were closing fascia, generalized tremor occurred along with deviation of the eyeballs to the right upper side. At that time the BIS value increased from 40 to a peak value of 62, and then was maintained mainly in the 50s during the seizure. After the tremor, a sudden and brief fall of BIS values were noticed. The BIS value dropped from 50 to 0 within a minute, stayed at 0 for about 5 minutes, and then returned to 50 without significant hemodynamic change (Fig. 1). During these sudden changes, signal quality index stayed over 80 with no other error messages. Arterial blood gas analysis was done immediately, which showed serum sodium level of 122 mmol/L. In order to correct hyponatremia, 0.45% saline was replaced with 0.9% saline. Neuromuscular blockade was not sufficiently maintained, which was below 75%, since we were preparing for emergence concerning the time remaining in the surgery. When tremor occurred, an additional dose of atracurium 10 mg was injected to stop muscle contraction. Although the generalized tremor faded, such a brief fall of BIS occurred periodically for the next 30 minutes, after which the BIS value stabilized and stayed around 40 and the patient emerged without any problem. At emergence, the patient's mental status was clear enough to allow recall of his own name.

Fig. 1.

Bispectral index (BIS) value during the surgery. Arrow (↓) is the point of seizure development.

The patient was transferred to intensive care unit (ICU) right after emergence. Fifteen minutes from emergence, the patient had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure lasting 10 minutes, followed by three more episodes, each lasting 5 minutes, every 30 minutes. The patient's laboratory findings when having seizure were uric acid 13.1 mg/dl and serum sodium 124 mmol/L. The patient was immediately referred for consultation to staff neurologists. An electroencephalography (EEG) performed in postictal period showed brief and generalized 5-7 Hz theta slowing waves indicative of mild cortical dysfunction caused by metabolic disturbance, toxic state, interictal state or postictal state. Intravenous lorazepam 4 mg was used and O₂ 3 L/min was supplied by nasal cannula. The consulting neurologists diagnosed seizure by metabolic disturbance and prescribed intravenous fosphenytoin 150 mg every 8 hours and intravenous sodium valproate 300 mg every 12 hours. No further seizures occurred, but patient displayed a confused mental state for 10 days before normalizing. Serum sodium and uric acid normalized 2 days after surgery. Antiepileptic drugs were continued for 3 days.

Discussion

In this case, we report an abnormal intraoperative fluctuation of BIS value presenting with generalized tonic-clonic seizure.

Sudden fall of BIS value may indicate transient cerebral hypoperfusion [5,6] or specific drug administration, such as neuromuscular blocking agents [7]. In this case there was no significant hypotension or hyperventilation that might have caused sudden cerebral hypoperfusion. The patient's blood pressure was maintained around 140/80 mmHg after an initial blood pressure of 180/100 mmHg. Partial pressure of CO₂ of arterial blood was 37 mmHg, and there was no neck-related obstruction to cerebral blood flow. No other drugs, except for prednisolone 250 mg administered to reduce rejection after surgery, were administered within 30 minutes from the fall in the BIS value. Other conditions that could reduce BIS value include postictal state, dementia, cerebral palsy, brain death, hypovolemia, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and cardiac arrest [8]. The patient did not have a history of cerebral palsy or dementia. At the moment of drop in the BIS value, patient did not show any sign of dehydration. The patient received 1,500 ml of 0.45% saline during the 4 hour period of surgery and central venous pressure was maintained at 8-10 mmHg. The heart rate was fairly constant (about 80 beats/min). Body temperature was sustained around 36.0℃ using an air-warming blanket. With the clinical signs of generalized tonic-clonic seizure, the possibility of causes other than seizure being the reason of BIS pitfall was low.

Although BIS cannot completely substitute for a formal EEG analysis, some reports have suggested BIS as a tool to monitor the development of epileptiform EEG, patient recovery after antiepileptic treatment [3,9], and also to monitor comatous patients experiencing nonconvulsive status epilepticus [10].

We were unable to obtain EEG data during this hour-long, clinically apparent seizure because the EEG was not available intraoperatively, since the operation was done the emergency setting at night. Although seizure was not firmly diagnosed with EEG of ictal state, the clinical presentation during surgery and seizure 15 minutes after emergence bore distinctive characteristics of generalized tonic-clonic seizure.

The cause of the seizure was uncertain in this case. But, hyponatremia and high serum uric acid level are two reasonable causal factors. Uremic encephalopathy is presumed to cause seizure by increasing neurotoxins such as guianidinosuccinic acid, methlguanidine, guanidine and creatinine in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain, thus activating N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and inhibiting gamma-aminobutyric acid(A)-ergic neurotransmission [11,12]. Hyponatremia causes neurological symptoms, such as headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, lethargy, restlessness, disorientation, and seizure, by cerebral edema and elevated intracranial pressure [13].

Presently, the patient's basal uric acid level before surgery was 5.9 mg/dl and was elevated to 13.3 mg/dl after seizure in the ICU. Reduced glomerular filtration rate, use of diuretics, and cyclosporine therapy can cause hyperuricemia after kidney transplantation [14]. In this case, blood pressure was maintained rather high considering the basal high blood pressure and intraoperative urine output after transplantation was 400 ml/hr. Intravenous 15% mannitol 150 ml was used while connecting renal artery to graft. Finally, cyclosporine was not used for immunosuppression.

Serum sodium level, on the other hand, was as low as 125 mmol/L from the start of surgery. Right after the intraoperative seizure, the serum sodium level was 122 mmol/L and increased to 124 mmol/L during the ICU seizure. We assume that the cause of the serum sodium level decrease was a combination of 15% mannitol 150 ml and administration of 0.45% saline 1500 ml.

The BIS value in this case showed a unique pattern during intraoperative seizure. BIS value rose with the beginning of seizure and showed a repetitive pattern of abrupt drop to 0 and recovery to baseline. Even after atracurium injection, the cyclic pattern of BIS did not alter. We presume that the extreme changes in BIS value were caused by rapid switch of high frequency, low voltage waves and low frequency, high voltage waves of EEG, as has been previously described [3]. Similar patterns of BIS change have been previously reported. Tallach et al. [9] reported a case of a patient whose BIS value was 93 when having seizure and 28 when controlled with propofol. Dahaba et al. [15] reported BIS change in a 14 year old patient with acute encephalitis accompanying refractory, repetitive, and partial seizure. The BIS value was 94.5 ± 3.6 at the start of seizures and significantly decreased to 55.1 ± 12.5 at the end of the seizures. In this case, BIS value was maintained at 40-50 during first 4 hours of surgery, then rapidly increased from 40 to a peak value of 62 at the beginning of seizure, then stayed in the 50s during the seizure. At the end of the seizure, the BIS value dropped to 0 where it remained for 5 minutes. Dahaba et al. [15] monitored BIS and EEG simultaneously and reported that increased BIS value with seizure is caused by epileptogenic electrical activities of brain and elevated eletromyographic activities. Rapid decreased of BIS value following seizure is explained by slow δ and θ waves dominating the post-ictal period.

Even though it is extremely rare, it is difficult to detect seizure while a patient is under general anesthesia. Intraoperative EEG is best way to detect the seizure, but is far from conventional. In this report, we suggest that BIS monitoring may be used not only to monitor sedative-hypnotic state of a patient but also to get information on seizure activity and recovery from it while under general anesthesia. Although a sudden brief fall of BIS, as in this case, does not necessarily indicate seizure activity, a repetitively reported pattern of BIS elevating during seizure and drop in the post-ictal period could be an alert that seizure is possible cause of the abnormal BIS value.