Detection of 1,4-Dihydroxy-2-Naphthoic Acid from Commercial Makgeolli Products

Abstract

To support beneficial effects of makgeolli for human health, we investigated for the presence of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA), a bifidogenic growth stimulator (BGS), from commercial makgeolli products. Among eleven makgeolli products (A∼K), four showed positive peaks for DHNA in high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Makgeolli product A in particular contained the highest concentration of DHNA (0.44 ppm), as confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Furthermore, BGS activity of the makgeolli product A was higher than those of products in which DHNA was not detected. These results indicate that makgeolli can be a good source for DHNA and that DHNA-enriched makgeolli could be developed by modifying manufacturing procedures and controlling its microbiota.

INTRODUCTION

Makgeolli is a Korean traditional rice wine with a low content of alcohol (6∼8%), which is relatively less toxic to the liver and stomach. Unlike other alcoholic beverages, makgeolli contains abundant nutrients such as sugars, proteins, vitamins, and amino acids including valine, leucine, serine, proline, and glycine (1). Yeasts are mainly involved in the fermentation that occurs in makgeolli production, as well as many species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (2). Makgeolli is recognized as functional alcoholic beverage and its consumption has markedly increased in Korea. Also, consumption in other countries such as Japan has increased, resulting in increased export of makgeolli(3); however, the shelf life of non-sterilized makgeolli containing yeast and LAB can be as short as 10 days, even under refrigeration conditions. Studies have sought to increase the shelf life of non-sterilized makgeolli(4,5). One study reported an extended shelf-life of up to 30 days using heat-inactivation of saccharolytic enzymes and re-inoculation of yeast (6). Studies aimed at developing functional makgeolli have assessed the effect of adding biologically active materials such as pears, Gugija-Liriope tuber, and black garlic extract, among other substances (7–9).

1,4-Dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA) was recently identified as a bifidogenic growth stimulator (BGS) (10). DHNA also displays inhibitory activity against clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori that are resistant to clarithromycin (11) and suppresses bone resorption (12). DHNA is an intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of vitamin K₂ (menaquinone), which plays a role in respiratory chain of bacteria as an electron carrier (13). Therefore, most LAB produce DHNA as an intermediate compound, with a small amount exported from the bacteria. It would be helpful to isolate DHNA-producing LAB for commercial use as a starter strain in the manufacturing of functional makgeolli products.

Before this goal can be achieved, however, it is necessary to ascertain whether current commercial makgeolli products contain DHNA. Therefore, we undertook this effort in this study, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine if DHNA was present in each sample of makgeolli. Additionally, we compared the BGS activity of DHNA-containing makgeolli products with those of makgeolli products where DHNA was not detected.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Makgeolli products

To analyze DHNA from commercial makgeolli products, 11 makgeolli products (A∼K) from several companies were purchased from a local market (Table 1).

Table 1.

Makgeolli products analyzed in this study

Products	Starch source	Additives (sweetener)	Sterilization
A	Rice (100%)	Aspartame	No
B	Rice (100%)	Aspartame, Acesulfame K	Yes
C	Rice (100%)	Aspartame	No
D	Rice (80%), flour (20%)	Aspartame	Yes
E	Rice (50%), flour (30%), corn starch (20%)	Aspartame, Acesulfame K	Yes
F	Rice (100%)	Aspartame	Yes
G	Rice (40%), flour (40%), starch sugar (20%)	Aspartame, Acesulfame K	Yes
H	Rice (100%)	Aspartame	No
I	Rice (100%)	Aspartame	No
J	Rice (80%), flour (10%), starch sugar (10%)	Aspartame	No
K	Rice (100%)	Aspartame, Acesulfame K	Yes

Bacterial strains and culture conditions

For BGS activity test, Bifidobacterium longum FI10564 and Bifidobacterium lactis BL 750 (Culture Systems, Mishawaka, IN, USA) were cultivated in reinforced clostridial medium (RCM) broth (Difco, Detroit, MI, USA) at 37°C in an anaerobic jar (Oxoid, Cambridge, UK).

HPLC analysis for DHNA

For HPLC detection of DHNA from makgeolli samples, 10 mL of each makgeolli sample was freeze-dried. The freeze-dried samples were each diluted with 150 μL of water and mixed with 300 μL of methanol. The mixtures were centrifuged at 5,000×g for 10 min and the supernatants were filtered with 0.45 μm pore size syringe filters (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The filtrates were used as injection samples for HPLC using an ACE 5 C₁₈ column (4.6×150 mm; Advanced Chromatography Technologies, Aberdeen, Scotland). Column temperature was maintained at 45°C during analysis. The flow rate was 1 mL/min, injection volume was 20 μL, and detection wavelength was 254 nm. For construction of standard curve, reagent grade DHNA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile : methanol : water : acetic acid (15:25:225:0.1) and the pH was adjusted to 5.5 with 5% (w/v) ammonium hydroxide.

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis

For confirmation of DHNA from one of the makgeolli products (A), DHNA fractions evident on HPLC were collected and subjected to LC-MS. LC utilized a Prominance 20A apparatus (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). MS utilized a LCMS-IT-TOF system (Shimadzu). An XR-ODS LC column (3×75 mm, Shimadzu) was used. The column temperature was equilibrated at 45°C. Sample injection volume was 20 μL and flow rate was 0.2 mL/min. Mobile phase composition was the same as the aforementioned HPLC condition.

BGS activity

For the BGS activity test of makgeolli product samples, B. longum FI10564 and B. lactis BL 750 were used as the target bifidobacteria. Briefly, makgeolli product samples were centrifuged at 6,000×g for 10 min. The resulting supernatants were syringe-filtered as described above and the filtrates were used as the test samples. One hundred microliters of each filtrate was added to RCM broth (Difco) that had been previously inoculated with a bifidobacterial strain (2% of final concentration). These inocula were incubated at 37°C for 12 hr in an anaerobic jar supplemented with a GasPak EZ Anaerobe Container System (BD, Sparks, MD, USA) and the optical density at 600 nm (OD₆₀₀) was measured with time.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

To investigate whether commercial makgeolli products contain DHNA, eleven commercial makgeolli products were purchased from a local market and analyzed by HPLC. Four of the product samples (A, E, F, and J) showed positive peaks for DHNA. Two products, A and F, could be quantified using a standard curve which ranged 0.0∼1.0 μg/mL (ppm) (data not shown). Product A, which was produced from a local brewing company located in Chungbuk province, displayed the most content of DHNA (0.44 ppm) as shown in Fig. 1B. The makgeolli product F contained 0.089 ppm of DHNA. Although the study involved a relatively small sampling of makgeolli products, the fact that four of the eleven products contained detectable levels of DHNA is promising, and indicates the potential of commercial makgeolli products as reliable sources of DHNA.

Fig. 1.

HPLC chromatograms (A, B) and LC-MS spectra (C, D) for DHNA standard and commercial makgeolli product A sample. The arrows indicate peaks for DHNA and the circles indicate spectra of molecular masses (m/z) for a de-protonated DHNA ion [M-H]⁻.

To confirm the presence of DHNA in the HPLC peak from makgeolli product A, DHNA fractions were collected and subjected to LC-MS. The mass spectra of DHNA from a standard solution and the makgeolli product sample revealed an m/z 203.03 (Fig. 1C and D), which corresponded to a de-protonated DHNA ion [MH]⁻. The result confirmed the presence of DHNA in makgeolli product A. Furthermore, we investigated whether the DHNA-containing makgeolli product A displayed BGS activity, which is a biological function of DHNA. For the test, the bifidobacterial strains B. longum FI10564 and B. lactis BL 750 were used. B. longum FI10564 was previously isolated from a stool sample of healthy human volunteer (14) and B. lactis BL 750 is commercially available and used in the dairy industry as a probiotic. For B. longum FI10564, BGS activity of makgeolli products B and H, in which DHNA was not detected, was not evident. The OD₆₀₀ (0.76 and 0.75) were not significantly different with that of a control where B. longum FI10564 strain was inoculated alone (0.70). However, makgeolli product A, which had been confirmed to contain DHNA, did present BGS activity, evident as an OD₆₀₀ of 0.94 (Fig. 2A). For B. lactis BL 750, the BGS activity of makgeolli product A was higher than makgeolli products B and H. After 12 hr culture, the OD₆₀₀ of the control was 0.76 and those of test samples A, B, and H were 1.35, 0.94, and 0.79, respectively (Fig. 2B). These results indicate that DHNA-enriched makgeolli products can improve BGS activity, although other factors can also influence the activity. In case of makgeolli product B, other factors including fibers might have affected the activity; if so, their effect was not significant.

Fig. 2.

BGS activity of commercial makgeolli samples for B. longum (A) and B. lactis (B). B. longum or B. lactis: B. longum FI10564 or B. lactis BL 750 strain was inoculated alone; Product A, B, or H: B. longum FI10564 or B. lactis BL 750 strain was inoculated with commercial makgeolli product A, B, or H sample. Values are mean±SD (n=3). Means having different letters are significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range tests (p<0.05).

Initially, we had expected that most of the makgeolli products would contain DHNA as a functional ingredient. In reality, four of the eleven products contained detectable levels of the functional material. Nevertheless, makgeolli products may be good sources for DHNA, pending modification of the manufacturing procedure, including use of starter strains that produce DHNA. To achieve this goal, it will be necessary to monitor the microbiota and DHNA content of makgeolli during fermentation.

Most of the previous research and patents in this field have related to manufacturing procedures, quality characterization, and biological functions. More recently, makgeolli has been recognized as a functional food (1, 15,16). In particular, makgeolli contains farnesol, an anti-cancer or anti-tumor agent (17), which has encouraged consumption of makgeolli products in Korea and exportation to other countries, including Japan (18); therefore, it is very important to enlarge the capacity of functional properties of makgeolli for commercial aspects. For that reason, DHNA could also be a functional material candidate linked to makgeolli products.

The present data indicate the potential of makgeolli as a good source for DHNA. DHNA-enriched makgeolli products may be developed by modifying the manufacturing procedures. Planned studies will focus on the development for DHNA-enriched makgeolli product.