Figure 1.

Important pathways involved in renal cell carcinoma biology and tumorigenesis [11].

Abbreviations: 4e-BP1, 4E binding protein 1; CAIX, carbonic anhydrase IX; EGF, epidermal growth factor; EGFR, EGF receptor; GLUT-1, glucose transporter 1; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten; TGF-α, transforming growth factor α; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VHL, von Hippel Lindau.

Reprinted from Klatte T, Pantuck AJ. Molecular biology of renal cortical tumors. Urol Clin North Am 2008;35:573–580, copyright 2010, with permission from Elsevier.