Abstract
Serratia fonticola UTAD54 is an environmental isolate that is resistant to carbapenems due to the presence of a class A carbapenemase and a metallo-β-lactamase that are unique to this strain. Its draft genome sequence was obtained to clarify the molecular basis of its carbapenem resistance and identify the genomic context of its carbapenem resistance determinants.
GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
Serratia fonticola is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae that occurs naturally in aquatic environments and that occasionally causes infections in humans (1). Members of this species express both a chromosomally encoded class A β-lactamase and an AmpC β-lactamase (2), and they are resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics except for carbapenems.
S. fonticola strain UTAD54 was isolated from a drinking water fountain in Portugal in 1998 (2). Its high level of resistance to carbapenems justified deeper characterization of the strain. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence, S. fonticola UTAD54 is closely related to the type strain S. fonticola LMG 7882. However, S. fonticola UTAD54 is an exceptional strain in the sense that besides the naturally occurring β-lactamases, it produces two different carbapenemases: the class A β-lactamase SFC-1 (3, 4) and the metallo-β-lactamase Sfh-I (2, 5). These enzymes are not present in other S. fonticola strains, and the sequences of the genes (2, 3) and the kinetic properties (4, 5) and three-dimensional (3D) structures (6, 7) of the enzymes demonstrate that they are unique in the context of the structural and functional diversity of β-lactamases. Genes encoding these enzymes have been demonstrated to be located in the chromosome (3). Even so, these exceptional characteristics might be the result of the acquisition of genetic elements by horizontal gene transfer. We report here the draft genome sequence of S. fonticola UTAD54.
The genome sequence was determined using a Roche FLX 454 genome sequencer. A total of 104,697,796 bp was produced, and sequences were extracted from .sff file with the script “sff_extract_0_2_13” (http://bioinf.comav.upv.es/sff_extract/). Low-quality reads were removed using Quality Assessment Long Reads (8) using the average Phred quality of 20. The analysis resulted in 347,637 reads (104,043,448 bp), representing a coverage of ~18×.
De novo assembly was performed using the software Mira (9) and produced 141 contigs. SeqMan NGen version 11 was used to remove redundant sequences, curate alignments, and extend the sequences based on similarities in their ends. The draft genome sequence was distributed in 133 contigs, with an N50 length of 101 kb. The total size was estimated to be 5,953,423 bp, with a G+C content of 54%. The genome was annotated using the RAST server (10). A total of 5,349 coding sequences (CDSs), 71 tRNAs, and 4 rRNAs were predicted in the genome.
The emergence of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is a worldwide public health threat. The draft genome sequence of S. fonticola UTAD54 will enable the investigation of the molecular basis of carbapenem resistance in this strain as well as the genomic context of blaSFC-1 and blaSfh-I. A comparative analysis with other Serratia spp., including the S. fonticola type strain, will be conducted in the near future in order to elucidate the processes that gave rise to a strain that represents a risk to humans in a genomic background of a nonpathogenic species.
Nucleotide sequence accession numbers.
The Serratia fonticola UTAD54 draft genome sequence has been deposited in GenBank under the accession no. AUZV00000000. The version described in this paper is version AUZV01000000.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was part of the Paraense Network of Genomics and Proteomics (Rede Paraense de Genômica e Proteômica), supported by the Paraense Amazonia Foundation (Fundação Amazônia Paraense [FAPESPA]), Amazon Center of Excellence in Genomics of Microorganisms (Núcleo Amazônico de Excelência em Genômica de Microorganismos)-Centers of Excellence Support Program (Programa de Apoio a Núcleo de Excelência) Pronex/CNPq/FAPESPA, the National Program for Academic Cooperation (Programa Nacional de Cooperação Acadêmica) PROCAD/CAPES, the Studies and Projects Funding Agency (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos [FINEP]), and the Minas Gerais Research Fund (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais [FAPEMIG]). The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) supported this study through the project PTDC/AAC-AMB/109155/2008—FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-008640, cofinanced by FEDER funding through COMPETE. The FCT also financed A. Pereira (SFRH/BPD/26685/2006). I. Henriques was financed by the project Sustainable Use of Marine Resources (MARES) (CENTRO-07-ST24-FEDER-002033), cofinanced by QREN and FEDER. A. Alves was supported by the program Ciência2008, cofunded by the Human Potential Operational Programme (National Strategic Reference Framework 2007 to 2013) and the European Social Fund (EU).
Footnotes
Citation Henriques I, Jucá Ramos RT, Baraúna RA, de Sá PH, Marinho Almeida D, Carneiro AR, Barbosa S, Pereira A, Alves A, Saavedra MJ, Egas C, Silva A, Correia A. 2013. Draft genome sequence of Serratia fonticola UTAD54, a carbapenem-resistant strain isolated from drinking water. Genome Announc. 1(6):e00970-13. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00970-13.
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