Drug-drug interactions and their predictors: Results from Indian elderly inpatients

Abstract

Background

In view of the multiple co-morbidities, the elderly patients receiving drugs are prone to suffer with drug interactions since they receive a greater number of drugs.

Objective

The study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of drug interactions, as well as their predictors.

Methods

The prescriptions of a total of 1510 inpatients were collected prospectively for 1.5 years from inpatients wards of public tertiary care teaching hospital. All the prescriptions were checked for drug interactions using the Micromedex® Drug-Reax database-2010 and Stockley’s Drug Interactions. Regression analyses sought to determine predictors for the drug interaction.

Results

The patients, with the average age of 67.2 ±0.2 years, were prescribed an average of 9.15 ±0.03 medications. It was found that out of 1510 prescriptions of inpatients, 126 (8.3%) prescriptions had one or more than one drug interaction. All the identified interactions were severe in nature. The top most interacting drugs were acetylsalicylic acid and anticoagulant (n=59). The second top most interacting drug combination was clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors (n=51). The most commonly involved drugs in interactions were C (cardiovascular system) and A (alimentary tract and metabolism). Using multivariate binary logistic regression, multiple drugs (Odds Ratio=4.5; 95% Confidence Interval: - 2.38 -9.47) and multiple diagnoses (Odds Ratio=2.6; 95%CI: -1.40 -5.57) were found to be significant predictors for drug interaction.

Conclusions

The results of this study substantiate the occurrence of severe drug interactions among Indian elderly inpatients. In order to provide safer pharmaceutical care, the active involvement of clinical pharmacists is a potential option.

Introduction

Ageing of the population is the most important demographic natural event facing most of the countries around the globe including India. By 2030, the demographers expect that Indian population will touch 1.53 billion mark to surpass China. In 2040, it is expected that the elderly will constitute 14% of the total population (1.3 billion elderly population).1 By then, developing nations like India and China are expected to be home for over 1 billion people aged 65 years or more, accounting for 76% of the projected world total. The increase in population may be one of the most significant achievements of Indian society. At the same time, it has also posed a major health challenge that focuses on the ageing population segment.

The current literature confirms that elderly is known to be the largest consumers of medications.2 Moreover, this high rate drug consumption by elderly patients, age-related physiologic changes and an increased risk for disease associated with aging posed elderly at a high risk of drug interactions and increased prevalence of associated morbidity and mortality. Drug interactions (DIs) are most common and important type of adverse drug event because they are often predictable based on previous reports, clinical studies, and an understanding of pharmacologic principles. Some adverse drug events have life-threatening consequences and may expeditious the removal of popular medications from the marketplace.3 Such emphatic measures are probably justifiable because clinicians are often unaware of serious drug-drug interactions.

Little information is available about drug interactions in clinical practice among elderly in India and moreover most of the evidence is derived from case reports. In view of multiple co-morbidities, the elderly are at a special risk of drug interactions since they consume a greater number of drugs. It is also observed that drug interaction are the top most adverse events identified in elderly, therefore, it is important to study drug interactions under separate heading. Although it is meaningful to determine the number of drug interactions, it is also important to determine the severity of those interactions.

Therefore, the study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of drug interactions, as well as their predictors.

Methods

The data of 1545 older inpatients was collected prospectively for 1.5 years from the medicine wards of a public teaching hospital. The inclusion criteria were age of 60 years and above, patients suffering from one or more disease conditions and receiving medications for their ailments. Data of 35 (of 1545 inpatients) with incomplete information were excluded. Therefore, the results of study are based on a total of 1510 inpatients. Patients were followed until discharge and the data form was updated daily. The study has been approved by independent ethics committee of Government Medical College and Hospital. The informed consent was obtained from each patient in their local languages.

All the diagnoses were coded according to International Classification of Disease4 (ICD-10) and drugs coded using Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical5 (ATC) classification. All the prescriptions were checked for drug interactions using the Micromedex® Drug-Reax database-20106 and Stockley’s drug Interactions.7 Only severe drug interactions based on the information of database were considered. Concurrent feedback was given to the physician for each identified drug interactions and confirmed by physicians, in order to validate the findings.

All the data was represented as average ±SEM or percentages, as appropriate. In order to determine the predictors for the occurrence of drug interactions: age, number of medications, number of diagnoses and length of stay in hospital were regressed against the occurrence of drug interactions in both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 17).

Results

The results of the study based on total of 1510 inpatients which comprised of 63% of male. The average age of the inpatients was found to be 67.25 ±0.2 years. Out of 1510 patients, 62% of the patients were in the age group 60-69 years while 27.5% of the patients belonged to the age group 70-79 years and the rest of the patients were over 80 years of age (n=159;10.5%).

On an average, each patient had 2.63 ±0.03 diagnoses. The patients were found to suffer from chronic co-morbidities. It was found that 57% of patients were suffering from 2 to 3 morbidities and 24% had between 4 and 6 co-morbid conditions. According to ICD-10, classification the most common co-morbidities were coronary artery disease with hypertension or diabetes, hypertension with liver disorder, diabetes with renal dysfunction and coronary artery disease with digestive disorder. The most commonly occurring disorder in the elderly inpatients was found to be the ‘Diseases of circulatory system’, 87%. This was followed by ‘Diseases of the digestive system’ in the second rank (64%) & ‘Endocrine, nutritional & metabolic diseases’ in the third place (39%).

The average number of medications prescribed to patients was found to be 9.15 ±0.03. Out of 1510 patients, 77% of the patients were prescribed more than 5 drugs. The average length of hospitalization was 7.40 ±0.11days. A 39% of the patients had the hospital stay up to 5 days while 41% of the patients stayed for 6-10 days and 20% patients stayed for more than 10 days extending up to 43 days. The average number of discharge medications was 5.70 ±0.05. Out of 1510 patients, 13.7% patients either expired or were referred to other hospital.

It was found that out of 1510 prescriptions of inpatients, 126 prescriptions had one or more than one drug interaction (8.3%). However, the total number of Drug Interactions was 151. The drug interactions were classified based on the medication class involved. The most commonly involved drugs in interactions were C (Cardiovascular system) and A (Alimentary tract and metabolism). The detailed descriptions of all identified drug interactions are given in Table 1.

Table 1.

Prevalence of potential drug-drug interactions (n=151)-IPD

Interacting drugs	Potential adverse outcome	Number of prescriptions
Anticoagulant therapy + Clopidogrel + Aspirin	Increased risk of bleeding	59
Clopidogrel+PPIs	Increased risk of thrombosis	51
Ramipril + Spironolactone	Hyperkalemia	10
Furosemide + Ramipril	Postural hypotension	5
Spironolactone + Digoxin	Digoxin toxicity	4
Alprazolam + Digoxin	Digoxin toxicity (nausea, vomiting, arrhythmia)	4
Diltiazem + Atorvastatin	Increased risk of rhabdomyolysis	2
Heparin + Aspirin	Increased risk of bleeding	2
Theophylline + Ciprofloxacin	Increased Theophylline toxicity	2
Metronidazole + Warfarin	Increased risk of bleeding	2
Warfarin + Pantoprazole	Increased INR and prothrombin time	2
Insulin + Ciprofloxacin	Increased risk of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia	2
Diltiazem + Carvedilol	Increased risk of hypotension, bradycardia, AV conduction disturbance	2
Hydrochlorthiazide + Ramipril	Postural hypotension	1
Rifampicin + Isoniazid	Hepatotoxicity	1
Diltiazem+metoprolol	Increased risk of hypotension, bradycardia, AV conduction disturbance	1
Amoxicillin+warfarin	Increased risk of bleeding	1

The associated predictors were also studied. Using multivariate binary logistic regression, it was found that the occurrence of DIs in different age group was not significantly different. A higher prevalence was detected in the elderly patients with multiple drugs (OR=4.5) and multiple diagnoses (OR=2.6). Gender and length of stay in the hospital was not significant predictors for drug interactions. The effect of variables on the drug interactions is depicted in Table 2.

Table 2.

Risk factors associated with Drug-Drug interactions

#	Variable	Total No. patients	Patients with DDI	Adjusted Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)	P-value
1	All	1510	126
2	Age
	60-69 yrs	937	67	1 (reference)
	70-79 yrs	414	29	0.99 (0.61-1.57)	0.009
	80 yrs or more	159	30	3.04 (1.84-4.94)	0.00
3	Sex
	Men	943	84	1 (reference)
	Women	567	42	0.82 (0.55-1.22)	0.30
4	No. of medication
	Less than 6	340	11	1 (reference)
	6-10	587	36	1.9 (0.94-4.14)	0.05
	11 or more	583	79	4.5 (2.38-9.47)	0.00
5	Length of stay
	Less than 10 days	1162	95	1 (reference)
	10-19 days	309	28	1.13 (0.7-1.78)	0.61
	20 days or more	39	3	1.07 (0.23-3.25)	0.91
6	Num. of Diagnosis
	Single	292	11	1 (reference)
	Double	427	38	2.42 (1.2-5.28)	0.007
	Multiple	791	77	2.66 (1.40-5.57)	0.001
Adjusted for confounders like age, sex, number of medications, co-morbid conditions and length of stay

Discussion

Drug interactions are frequent among inpatients that were on multiple medications. The prevalence of major DIs was (8.3%). The prevalence rate cannot be directly compared with those reported previously by other reports from different countries because of the differences in the study design and severity rating of drug interactions. There are few studies that can be directly compared with this study because these studies have also used Micromedex database to check the severity of interaction. These few studies had shown DIs in the range of 1.5-28% of severe drug interactions in hospitalized elderly patients.8,9,10,11 Only one study has reported a very low rate (1.5%).8 The reason for higher rate of DIs in other studies could be due to the difference in the inclusion criteria of patient like patient from Intensive Care Unit, where usually chronically ill and patients with multiple complications requiring polypharmacy may pose at risk of DIs.

This study has identified drugs acting on cardiovascular system and alimentary tract as most prevalent drug classes involved in drug interactions. These finding coincide with the study performed by Manchon et al.12 and Dubova et al.13 which reported that drugs most often responsible for interactions were cardiovascular drugs and drugs acting on alimentary tract.

The top most identified interacting drugs were aspirin or combination of aspirin & Clopidogrel along with anticoagulant of high severity. It is well known that elderly patients are at high thromboembolic risk, but conditions contributing to higher hemorrhagic risk are also more prevalent in this population.14,15 The use of anticoagulant with aspirin or along with Clopidogrel prolongs the clotting time resulting in an increase potential for bleeding.14,15 The bleeding episodes were documented in the patients included in this study and remedial actions (like dose reduction or discontinuation of therapy) were taken by clinicians.

The second top most identified interacting drugs were combination of Clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs, except pantoprazole). Among patients receiving Clopidogrel and concomitant therapy with proton pump inhibitors other than pantoprazole was associated with a loss of the beneficial effects of Clopidogrel and an increased risk of re-infarction. Omeprazole has been shown to inhibit the antiplatelet activity of Clopidogrel by inhibiting CYP2C19. Competitive interference within the P450 pathway could conceivably lead to a reduced amount of Clopidogrel undergoing biotransformation to the active drug required to effect a change in platelet inhibition.16,17,18

The inference in regard to PPIs and Clopidogrel first arose from the combined use of Clopidogrel and omeprazole, although several other PPIs have subsequently been found to be associated with a smaller or insignificant attenuation of the Clopidogrel antiplatelet effect; these PPIs included pantoprazole, esomeprazole, and to a lesser degree lansoprazole.19,20,21 In contrast to above reported studies COGENT provides reassurance that the interaction might not be clinically significant.22 But it should be noted that this was a trial with a gastrointestinal focus and was stopped early because of the difference in GI events. Although current data does not show causation of adverse outcomes with PPI use because the available data are conflicting, this topic is still controversial. Careful risk-benefit assessment is required before prescribing PPIs for individual patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy. More evidence from randomized controlled trials is needed to clarify this drug interaction dilemma.23 It should be noted that H₂ receptor blockers are not as effective as PPIs at preventing gastrointestinal ulcer in patients taking Clopidogrel, but are a reasonable alternative for those at low risk for gastrointestinal bleeding.

Using logistic regression, it was found that multiple drugs and multiple diagnoses were potential predictors for DIs. The potential for drug interactions increases as the number of medications prescribed increases. In this study, the number of DIs increased with an increase in the number of medications prescribed. This matches with results reported by other research groups, showing that patients exposed to polypharmacy were at a risk of harmful drug interaction.10,11 Advanced age, gender and length of stay in the hospital were not significant risk factors for drug interactions. It is not in concordance with other results which have shown age above 80 years (n=159; 10.5%) as significant predictor associated with the occurrence of DIs.11

Conclusions

These results substantiate the occurrence of severe drug interactions among Indian elderly patients. In order to provide safer pharmaceutical care, the active involvement of clinical pharmacists is a potential option.

Funding Statement

This study was funded by the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, India. The sponsor had no role in the design, methods, subject recruitment, data collection, analysis and preparation of the paper.