Abstract
mRNAs encoding the membrane-associated (mu m) and secreted (mu s) forms of mu heavy chain are derived from transcripts of the same immunoglobulin gene by differential RNA processing. To help elucidate the mechanism that regulates the production of these two mu mRNAs during the course of B-lymphoid maturation, we produced a series of specifically modified mu-chain genes and studied their expression when transfected into cells representing either early or late developmental stages. We have established that proper regulation depends on linkage of the mu s and mu m poly(A) addition sites and the length of the mu s-mu m intron. Deletion of an 800 to 900-nucleotide segment from the central region of this intron abolishes regulation; replacement of this segment with miscellaneous DNA sequences restores it. From these results we propose a model in which regulation is principally achieved by competition between cleavage/polyadenylylation of the mu s site and splicing of the C mu 4 and mu m exons.
Full text
PDF![8883](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4fc0/387037/4462f0cf78a0/pnas00327-0072.png)
![8884](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4fc0/387037/1db04c73576a/pnas00327-0073.png)
![8885](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4fc0/387037/9bbbba068de4/pnas00327-0074.png)
![8886](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4fc0/387037/9e6a1eb0accd/pnas00327-0075.png)
![8887](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4fc0/387037/58ee149d505b/pnas00327-0076.png)
Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Alt F. W., Bothwell A. L., Knapp M., Siden E., Mather E., Koshland M., Baltimore D. Synthesis of secreted and membrane-bound immunoglobulin mu heavy chains is directed by mRNAs that differ at their 3' ends. Cell. 1980 Jun;20(2):293–301. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90615-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Alt F. W., Rosenberg N., Enea V., Siden E., Baltimore D. Multiple immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene transcripts in Abelson murine leukemia virus-transformed lymphoid cell lines. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Apr;2(4):386–400. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.4.386. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Alt F., Rosenberg N., Lewis S., Thomas E., Baltimore D. Organization and reorganization of immunoglobulin genes in A-MULV-transformed cells: rearrangement of heavy but not light chain genes. Cell. 1981 Dec;27(2 Pt 1):381–390. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90421-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Atchison M. L., Perry R. P. Tandem kappa immunoglobulin promoters are equally active in the presence of the kappa enhancer: implications for models of enhancer function. Cell. 1986 Jul 18;46(2):253–262. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90742-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Birnstiel M. L., Busslinger M., Strub K. Transcription termination and 3' processing: the end is in site! Cell. 1985 Jun;41(2):349–359. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80007-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Blattner F. R., Tucker P. W. The molecular biology of immunoglobulin D. Nature. 1984 Feb 2;307(5950):417–422. doi: 10.1038/307417a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brody E., Abelson J. The "spliceosome": yeast pre-messenger RNA associates with a 40S complex in a splicing-dependent reaction. Science. 1985 May 24;228(4702):963–967. doi: 10.1126/science.3890181. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Danner D., Leder P. Role of an RNA cleavage/poly(A) addition site in the production of membrane-bound and secreted IgM mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Dec;82(24):8658–8662. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.24.8658. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Early P., Rogers J., Davis M., Calame K., Bond M., Wall R., Hood L. Two mRNAs can be produced from a single immunoglobulin mu gene by alternative RNA processing pathways. Cell. 1980 Jun;20(2):313–319. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90617-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Frendewey D., Keller W. Stepwise assembly of a pre-mRNA splicing complex requires U-snRNPs and specific intron sequences. Cell. 1985 Aug;42(1):355–367. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80131-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gerster T., Picard D., Schaffner W. During B-cell differentiation enhancer activity and transcription rate of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes are high before mRNA accumulation. Cell. 1986 Apr 11;45(1):45–52. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90536-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gil A., Proudfoot N. J. A sequence downstream of AAUAAA is required for rabbit beta-globin mRNA 3'-end formation. 1984 Nov 29-Dec 5Nature. 312(5993):473–474. doi: 10.1038/312473a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grabowski P. J., Seiler S. R., Sharp P. A. A multicomponent complex is involved in the splicing of messenger RNA precursors. Cell. 1985 Aug;42(1):345–353. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80130-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grosschedl R., Baltimore D. Cell-type specificity of immunoglobulin gene expression is regulated by at least three DNA sequence elements. Cell. 1985 Jul;41(3):885–897. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80069-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kelley D. E., Perry R. P. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of immunoglobulin mRNA production during B lymphocyte development. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Jul 11;14(13):5431–5447. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.13.5431. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kobrin B. J., Milcarek C., Morrison S. L. Sequences near the 3' secretion-specific polyadenylation site influence levels of secretion-specific and membrane-specific IgG2b mRNA in myeloma cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 May;6(5):1687–1697. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.5.1687. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Liu C. P., Tucker P. W., Mushinski J. F., Blattner F. R. Mapping of heavy chain genes for mouse immunoglobulins M and D. Science. 1980 Sep 19;209(4463):1348–1353. doi: 10.1126/science.6774414. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marcu K. B., Schibler U., Perry R. P. The 5'-terminal sequences of immunoglobulin messenger RNAs of a mouse myeloma. J Mol Biol. 1978 Apr 15;120(3):381–400. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90426-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mather E. L., Nelson K. J., Haimovich J., Perry R. P. Mode of regulation of immunoglobulin mu- and delta-chain expression varies during B-lymphocyte maturation. Cell. 1984 Feb;36(2):329–338. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90226-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McDevitt M. A., Imperiale M. J., Ali H., Nevins J. R. Requirement of a downstream sequence for generation of a poly(A) addition site. Cell. 1984 Jul;37(3):993–999. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90433-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McLauchlan J., Gaffney D., Whitton J. L., Clements J. B. The consensus sequence YGTGTTYY located downstream from the AATAAA signal is required for efficient formation of mRNA 3' termini. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Feb 25;13(4):1347–1368. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.4.1347. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Milcarek C., Hall B. Cell-specific expression of secreted versus membrane forms of immunoglobulin gamma 2b mRNA involves selective use of alternate polyadenylation sites. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Oct;5(10):2514–2520. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.10.2514. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Milstein C. P., Deverson E. V., Rabbitts T. H. The sequence of the human immunoglobulin mu-delta intron reveals possible vestigial switch segments. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Aug 24;12(16):6523–6535. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.16.6523. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nelson K. J., Haimovich J., Perry R. P. Characterization of productive and sterile transcripts from the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus: processing of micron and muS mRNA. Mol Cell Biol. 1983 Jul;3(7):1317–1332. doi: 10.1128/mcb.3.7.1317. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nishikura K., Vuocolo G. A. Synthesis of two mRNAs by utilization of alternate polyadenylation sites: expression of SV40-mouse immunoglobulin mu chain gene recombinants in Cos monkey cells. EMBO J. 1984 Apr;3(4):689–699. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01871.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Paige C. J., Kincade P. W., Ralph P. Murine B cell leukemia line with inducible surface immunoglobulin expression. J Immunol. 1978 Aug;121(2):641–647. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Perry R. P., Kelley D. E. Immunoglobulin messenger RNAs in murine cell lines that have characteristics of immature B lymphocytes. Cell. 1979 Dec;18(4):1333–1339. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90243-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reed R., Maniatis T. Intron sequences involved in lariat formation during pre-mRNA splicing. Cell. 1985 May;41(1):95–105. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90064-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Richards J. E., Gilliam A. C., Shen A., Tucker P. W., Blattner F. R. Unusual sequences in the murine immunoglobulin mu-delta heavy-chain region. Nature. 1983 Dec 1;306(5942):483–487. doi: 10.1038/306483a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ruether J. E., Maderious A., Lavery D., Logan J., Fu S. M., Chen-Kiang S. Cell-type-specific synthesis of murine immunoglobulin mu RNA from an adenovirus vector. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Jan;6(1):123–133. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.1.123. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ruskin B., Green M. R. Role of the 3' splice site consensus sequence in mammalian pre-mRNA splicing. Nature. 1985 Oct 24;317(6039):732–734. doi: 10.1038/317732a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schibler U., Marcu K. B., Perry R. P. The synthesis and processing of the messenger RNAs specifying heavy and light chain immunoglobulins in MPC-11 cells. Cell. 1978 Dec;15(4):1495–1509. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90072-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Southern P. J., Berg P. Transformation of mammalian cells to antibiotic resistance with a bacterial gene under control of the SV40 early region promoter. J Mol Appl Genet. 1982;1(4):327–341. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Treisman R., Orkin S. H., Maniatis T. Specific transcription and RNA splicing defects in five cloned beta-thalassaemia genes. Nature. 1983 Apr 14;302(5909):591–596. doi: 10.1038/302591a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wagner M., Perry R. P. Characterization of the multigene family encoding the mouse S16 ribosomal protein: strategy for distinguishing an expressed gene from its processed pseudogene counterparts by an analysis of total genomic DNA. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Dec;5(12):3560–3576. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.12.3560. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wieringa B., Hofer E., Weissmann C. A minimal intron length but no specific internal sequence is required for splicing the large rabbit beta-globin intron. Cell. 1984 Jul;37(3):915–925. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90426-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wieringa B., Meyer F., Reiser J., Weissmann C. Unusual splice sites revealed by mutagenic inactivation of an authentic splice site of the rabbit beta-globin gene. Nature. 1983 Jan 6;301(5895):38–43. doi: 10.1038/301038a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yuan D., Tucker P. W. Transcriptional regulation of the mu-delta heavy chain locus in normal murine B lymphocytes. J Exp Med. 1984 Aug 1;160(2):564–583. doi: 10.1084/jem.160.2.564. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]