Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of baseball pitching velocity and electromechanical reaction times (EMG-RT) of the teres major of young amateur baseball players after neuromuscular joint facilitation (NJF) treatment. [Subjects] The subjects were 18 healthy males who were divided into two groups: a NJF group and a control group. The NJF group consisted of 10 subjects, and the control group consisted of 8 subjects. [Methods] Participants in the NJF group received NJF treatment. The baseball pitching velocity, the EMG-RT, the premotor time (PMT), and the motor time (MT) during shoulder internal rotation movement were measured before and after 8 weeks of exercise. [Results] There were no significant differences among the results of the control group. In the NJF group, there were significant differences in baseball pitching velocity, EMG-RT and MT after NJF treatment. [Conclusion] NJF intervention shortens not only EMG-RT but also MT, which implies that NJF is effective for motor processes. Since the baseball pitching velocity increased, NJF may be recommended for the improvement of the performance of baseball players.
Key words: Neuromuscular joint facilitation, Baseball pitching velocity, Motor time
INTRODUCTION
Neuromuscular Joint Facilitation (NJF) is a new therapeutic exercise based on kinesiology. It integrates the facilitation element of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and the joint composition movement, aiming to improve the movement of the joint through passive exercise, active exercise and resistance exercise1). It is used to increase strength, flexibility and ROM, and shorten the electromechanical reaction time (EMG-RT)2, 3).
The EMG-RT is an index of the shrinkage characteristic of the muscle. The EMG-RT is composed of the premotor time (PMT) and the motor time (MT). The PMT is defined as the interval between the stimulation signal and the onset of voluntary electromyographic (EMG) activity of a response agonist. The MT is defined as the interval between the onsets of voluntary EMG activity to the mechanical response4). The PMT reflects the movement position, the movement pattern, the movement programming, and the state of consciousness, the level of alertness, and the time of the central process. The MT chiefly reflects factors at the periphery level, including muscle contraction, series elasticity, and difficulties in loosening of connective tissue and the joint capsule5).
According to a biomechanical analysis, an increase in the time maximizing shoulder horizontal adduction and a decrease in the time maximizing shoulder internal rotation are significantly related to increased ball velocity6).
The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of baseball pitching velocity and electromechanical reaction times of the teres major of the young amateur baseball players after neuromuscular joint facilitation treatment.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
The subjects were eighteen young amateur baseball players, who were divided into two groups: a NJF group and a control group. The NJF group consisted of 10 subjects, and the control group consisted of 8 subjects. Subject characteristics are detailed in Table 1. They had played baseball for 9.1 ± 1.0 years. All subjects were screened before the start of the study using out a medical history questionnaire. The questionnaire addressed whether subjects had a history of cardiopulmonary, musculoskeletal, somatosensory, or neurological disorders. If so, they were excluded from the study. All subjects gave their informed consent to participation in the study. All experimental procedures in this study were reviewed and approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Jilin Dianli hospital.
Table 1. Subject characteristics.
| NJFa (n=10) | Controlb (n=8) | Sum total (n=18) | |
| Age (y) | 19.5 ± 1.2 | 18.6 ± 0.9 | 19.1 ± 1.1 |
| Height (cm) | 173.8 ± 2.8 | 174.9 ± 3.0 | 174.3 ± 3.0 |
| Weight (kg) | 68.8 ± 7.1 | 66.5 ± 7.0 | 67.8 ± 6.9 |
Values are mean ± SD. No significant differences between groups at the 0.05 alpha level. a: NJF group: neuromuscular joint facilitation group, b: Control: control group
To measure the baseball pitching velocity, a pitch distance of 18.44 m between the batteries was used as stipulated in the official baseball rules. The velocity of five balls, pitched into the strike zone as quickly as possible were measured, and the average value was used in the analysis. The pitching velocity was measured with used a sports radar gun, SR3600 (Dainatecc).
We measured the EMG-RT of the teres major, the PMT of the teres major, and the MT of the teres major in response to an auditory stimulus. The EMG-RT was measured with a digital storage oscilloscope DCS-7040 (Kenwood). After cleaning the skin with alcohol and abrasion paste, Ag/AgCl disposable electrodes (Vitrode F, Nihonn Kohden) were placed over the muscle bellies of the teres major, with a 2-cm inter-electrode distance. The on-off signal was generated by the contact of an electrode attached to the dorsum manus with an aluminum board. At the onset of voluntary shoulder internal rotation, the electrode lost contact with the aluminum board, generating the off signal (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Schema of electromyographic reaction time. Upper trace: electromyographic waveform. Lower trace: on-off signal of the foot switch. Vertical line shows the auditory stimulus signal. PMT: premotor time; MT: motor time; RT: reaction time. RT = PMT + MT
The subjects sat on a backless adjustable seat with the right upper limb fixed in a position of 90° of shoulder flexion and 90° of elbow flexion. The subjects were given an oral warning of “Set”, 2 to 3 seconds before the stimulus auditory signal (2,500 Hz, 50 ms). The subjects were required to respond to the auditory cues by performing shoulder internal rotation as quickly as possible.
The EMG waveform and the on-off signal of the foot switch were synchronized on the display of the oscilloscope. The latency time between the onset of voluntary EMG activity and the stimulus auditory signal (PMT), and the latency time between the onset of voluntary EMG activity and the off signal (MT) were measured by setting the image on the display to a standstill each time and moving the cursor. Prior to the experiment, the subjects were informed about what would be done in the experiment and made several practice trials to accustom themselves to it. The reaction time was measured repeatedly five times at each scheduled measurement.
The EMG-RT, the premotor time (PMT) and the motor time (MT) during shoulder internal rotation movement, and the baseball pitching velocity were measured before the intervention, and after 8 weeks of the intervention.
Four shoulder patterns of NJF were used. The patterns were shoulder extension-adduction-internal rotation, shoulder flexion-abduction-external rotation, shoulder extension-abduction-internal rotation, and shoulder flexion-adduction-external rotation pattern. Each pattern was performed three times at random as a passive exercise and as a resistance exercise, respectively. The subjects in the NJF group received the intervention three times a week for 8 weeks. The intervention was performed by the same physical therapist to avoid individual variations in therapy. For the control group, the intervention was not performed.
To determine whether there were differences between the NJF group and the control group, the independent t-test was performed on subject characteristics. Two-way ANOVA and multiple comparisons (Bonferroni test) were used to test for statistically significant differences, and the factors were intervention and group. If a significant interaction was found, the paired t-test was performed to compare before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS Ver. 17.0 for Windows. The level of statistical significance was chosen as 0.05.
RESULTS
There were no significant differences between the subject characteristics of the NJF group and the control group.
Table 2 shows the results for the baseball pitching velocity. There were no significant differences among the results of the control group. In the NJF group, there were significant differences in baseball pitching velocity between before and after the 8 weeks of NJF training.
Table 2. Comparison of before and after intervention values of baseball pitching velocity (km/h).
| before | after | |
| NJF a | 101.9 ± 6.6 | 106.4 ± 8.1** |
| Control b | 102.1 ± 7.0 | 102.3 ± 7.3 |
Values are mean ± SD, Comparison with before intervention: **: p<0.01. a: NJF group: neuromuscular joint facilitation group, b: Control: control group
Table 3 shows the results for the reaction time. Two-way analyses of variance showed there was a significant interaction of group, indicating that the change in RT was different between the groups. There were no significant differences among the results of the control group. In the NJF group, there were significant differences in EMG-RT and MT between before and after the 8-week intervention.
Table 3. Comparison of before and after intervention values of reaction time (msec).
| before | after | ||
| NJFa | PMTc | 111.6 ± 22.9 | 107.7 ± 15.4 |
| MTd | 52.8 ± 7.1 | 42.0 ± 6.3** | |
| RTe | 164.4 ± 19.6 | 149.7 ± 10.3* | |
| Controlb | PMT | 115.7 ± 24.4 | 113.0 ± 14.6 |
| MT | 53.6 ± 7.8 | 52.4 ± 5.2 | |
| RT | 169.3 ± 20.9 | 165.5 ± 15.7 | |
Values are mean ± SD, Comparison with before intervention: *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01. a: NJF group: neuromuscular joint facilitation group, b: Control: control group, c:PMT: premotor time, d: MT: motor time, e: RT: electromechanical reaction time; RT = PMT + MT.
DISCUSSION
This study investigated the effects of a neuromuscular joint facilitation treatment on EMG-RT. The subjects of the NJF group showed not only shortened EMG-RT, but also shortened MT in the teres major. MT was shortened after the intervention, suggesting that the contractile characteristic of the muscle was changed by the NJF intervention. MT is influenced by the muscle tone before a movement appears7), and the shortening of MT has been suggested to be the result of an increase in muscular tension induced by changes in the mechanical properties of the muscle tissue8).
NJF uses a diagonal spiral pattern, which is similar to the pitching movement. Moreover, as the EMG-RT shortened, the internal rotation speed of the shoulder joint improved in the pitching motion, and the pitching velocity was increased. Therefore NJF may be recommended for improvement of the performance of baseball players.
REFERENCES
- 1.Huo M: Neuromuscular Joint Facilitation. Tokyo: Ipec press, 2010, p 3 (in Japanese). [Google Scholar]
- 2.Huo M, Ge M, Li D: Effects of neuromuscular joint facilitation on electromechanical reaction time of rectus femoris. J Phys Ther Sci, 2012, 24: 55–57 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Huo M, Ge M, Li D: Effects of neuromuscular joint facilitation on electromechanical reaction time of human teres major. Phys Ther Sci, 2012, 24: 93–95 [Google Scholar]
- 4.Nakamura R: Clinical Kinesiology. Tokyo: Ishiyaku press, 2002, p 270 (in Japanese). [Google Scholar]
- 5.Nakamura R: Examination of movement appearance by electromyogram response time. Rinsyounouha, 1988, 30: 566–572(in Japanese) [Google Scholar]
- 6.Stodden DF, Fleisig GS, McLean SP: Relationship of biomechanical factors to baseball pitching velocity: within pitcher variation. J Appl Biomech, 2005, 21: 44–56 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Ward T: Muscle state: reaction and movement time in elbow extension. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1978, 59: 377–383 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Schmidt RA, Stull GA: Premotor and motor reaction time as a function of preliminary muscular tention. J Mot Behav, 1970, 2: 96–110 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]