Abstract
The presence of potentially toxic elements and compounds in foodstuffs is of intense public interest and thus requires rapid and accurate methods to determine the levels of these contaminants. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for the determination of metals and nonmetals in fruit juices. In this study, 21 commercial fruit juices (apple, peach, apricot, orange, kiwi, pear, pineapple, and multifruit) present on Romanian market were investigated from the heavy metals and mineral content point of view by ICP-MS. Our obtained results were compared with those reported in literature and also with the maximum admissible limit in drinking water by USEPA and WHO. For Mn the obtained values exceeded the limits imposed by these international organizations. Co, Cu, Zn, As, and Cd concentrations were below the acceptable limit for drinking water for all samples while the concentrations of Ni and Pb exceeded the limits imposed by USEPA and WHO for some fruit juices. The results obtained in this study are comparable to those found in the literature.
1. Introduction
Fruit juices are a highly appreciated, tasty food and usually have exceptional nutritional qualities. However, they can be a potential source of toxic elements, some of them having an accumulative effect or leading to nutritional problems due to the low concentrations of essential elements, justifying the control of mineral composition in juice [1, 2].
Trace metals are present in foods in amounts below 50 ppm and have some toxicological or nutritional significance. The elements such as Na, K, Ca, and P are essential for people, while metals like Pb, Cd, Hg, and As are found to cause deleterious effects even in low levels of 10–50 ppm. However Fe, Cu, and Zn are found to be necessary in certain quantities in foods, but these elements can cause ill effects when are ingested in high amounts. Other nontoxic metals which are not harmful when present in amounts not exceeding 100 ppm include Al, B, Cr, Ni and Sn. The non-nutritive toxic metals which are known to have deleterious effects even in small quantities (below 100 ppm) are As, Sb, Cd, F, Pb, Hg, and Se [3, 4]. For this reason, the determination of both major and trace levels of metal contents in food is important for both food safety and nutritional considerations [3].
The trace element levels of fruit juices may be expected to be influenced by the nature of the fruit, the mineral composition of the soil from which it originated, the composition of the irrigation water, the weather conditions, the agricultural practices such as the types and amounts of fertilizers used, and other factors [5].
The aim of this study was the precise determination of mineral and heavy metal content from the most known commercial fruit juices present on Romanian market and to compare these results with the maximum admissible limit set in drinking water by different international organizations: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) [6] and World Health Organization (WHO) [7] and also with the values of different countries available in literature.
2. Experimental
21 commercial fruit juices (apple, peach, apricot, orange, kiwi, pear, pineapple, and multifruit) purchased from Romania market were investigated in this study. All determinations were carried out by the Inductively Coupled Plasma Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. A Perkin Elmer ELAN DRC (e) was used with a Meinhart nebulizer and silica cyclonic spray chamber and continuous nebulization. The operating conditions for Perkin Elmer ELAN DRC (e) were nebulizer Gas flow rates: Nebulizer Gas flow rates: 0.92 L/min; Auxiliary Gas Flow: 1.20 L/min; Plasma Gas Flow: 15 L/min; Lens Voltage: 10.5 V; ICP RF Power: 1100 W; CeO/Ce = 0.020; Ba++/Ba+ = 0.023. The chosen conditions were a compromise between the highest 103Rh ion signal and the lowest percentage of doubly charge ions (obtained by the intensities ratio Ba++/Ba+, always ≤3%) and of oxide ions (obtained by the intensities ratio CeO/Ce, always ≤3%), precision better than 2% and background <30 cps.
The operating conditions were optimized daily, by using an aqueous solution containing 10 μg L−1 of Mg, Ba, Ce, Cu, Cd, Rh, In, and Pb, and monitoring the intensities of the isotopes 24Mg, 103Rh, 114In, 208Pb, 138Ba, and 140Ce as well as the intensities at mass 69, 156 and 220 (corresponding to species 138Ba2+, 140Ce16O+ and background, resp.).
The majority of ICP-MS applications involve the analysis of aqueous samples, directly or following sample pretreatment, because of the advantages of working with samples in solution. In this survey, 2.5 mL of ultrapure nitric acid were added to 2.5 mL of fruit juices in a Teflon receptacle, tightly closed. Six such receptacles were inserted in a device made of six stainless steel cylinders mounted between two flanges, to confer pressure resistance. The whole system was put in an oven at 180°C for 12 hours. A colorless solution resulted, and ultrapure water was added up to 50 mL. Thus, the fruit juices samples were diluted 1 : 20 v/v.
For each sample analysis three replicates were measured in order to assure the control quality of our measurements.
3. Results and Discussion
The evaluation of commercial fruit juices is a important issue for consumer safety, as they are widely consumed throughout the world [8]. Determining cations, such as potassium, sodium, and calcium, in fruit juices is important due to the dietary significance of such cations. For example, recent studies have supported the contention that excess dietary sodium is a contributing factor in heart disease. Ca, though an important dietary component for most, can be an issue for patients with renal insufficiency. K is also essential for good health and is present in significant concentrations in some juices. For these reasons, accurate reporting of cation levels is helpful [9].
The obtained concentration of Na, Mg, K, and Ca for 21 commercial fruit juices are presented in Table 1. The SD of measurement samples was: 0.91 for Na, 0.17 for Mg, 3.08 for K, 0.21 for Ca.
Table 1.
The concentrations for minerals (mg/L) of commercial juice samples.
| Sample | Na | Mg | K | Ca |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apple 1 | 36.36 | 50.42 | 415.35 | 72.07 |
| Apple 2 | 16.59 | 45.80 | 373.32 | 49.37 |
| Apple 3 | 10.39 | 47.43 | 368.73 | 36.71 |
| Apple 4 | 32.97 | 38.18 | 332.11 | 26.90 |
| Apple 5 | 22.40 | 47.99 | 344.63 | 72.44 |
| Apple 6 | 1.12 | 38.62 | 391.77 | 50.34 |
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| Peach 1 | 129.20 | 40.33 | 257.23 | 26.35 |
| Peach 2 | 9.24 | 20.28 | 52.52 | 32.83 |
| Peach 3 | 17.56 | 36.38 | 265.62 | 39.48 |
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| Apricot 1 | 100.03 | 30.20 | 301.77 | 24.76 |
| Apricot 2 | 59.52 | 39.47 | 377.60 | 72.67 |
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| Orange 1 | 15.57 | 32.79 | 196.35 | 43.27 |
| Orange 2 | 17.90 | 28.84 | 72.91 | 66.92 |
| Orange 3 | 11.08 | 25.92 | 75.58 | 338.35 |
| Orange 4 | 81.43 | 43.61 | 265.24 | 35.73 |
| Orange 5 | 87.72 | 55.70 | 334.92 | 31.64 |
| Orange 6 | 25.12 | 120.61 | 642.34 | 81.02 |
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| Kiwi | 39.23 | 23.42 | 102.74 | 22.93 |
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| Pear | 62.19 | 31.22 | 170.21 | 21.54 |
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| Multifruit | 196.11 | 13.07 | 74.91 | 42.90 |
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| Pineapple | 119.97 | 140.42 | 413.72 | 103.94 |
The concentration ranges are the following for the major elements: 1.12–196.11 mg/L for Na, 13.07–140.42 mg/L for Mg, 52.52–642.34 mg/L for K and 21.54–338.35 mg/L for Ca.
The higher Ca and K content was founded in orange juices (orange 3 and orange 6), while the bigger amount of Na was detected in the multifruit juices (multifruit) and for the Mg concentration a maximum was observed in pineapple juices (pineapple).
Heavy metals composition of foods is of interest because of their essential or toxic nature. For example, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, and Mn are essential, while As, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg are toxic at certain levels [10].
The concentrations of heavy metals, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb, in analyzed commercial fruit juices samples are presented in Table 2. The SD of measurement juice samples was, 0.35, 3.75, 0.05, 0.17, 0.69, 3.38, 0.05, 0.03, and 0.10 for Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb, respectively.
Table 2.
The levels of heavy metals in investigated samples (µg/L).
| Sample | Cr | Mn | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | As | Cd | Pb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apple 1 | 4.11 | 213.72 | 0.26 | 18.96 | 99.12 | 180.16 | 3.60 | 0.14 | 24.84 |
| Apple 2 | 4.00 | 127.08 | 1.24 | 42.46 | 57.66 | 196.96 | 1.52 | 0.24 | 5.86 |
| Apple 3 | 55.60 | 268.22 | 8.30 | 58.22 | 104.78 | 379.10 | <DL | 0.84 | 4.66 |
| Apple 4 | 5.69 | 293.16 | <DL | 36.22 | 37.58 | 171.24 | 0.94 | 0.26 | 17.40 |
| Apple 5 | 23.58 | 342.92 | 4.42 | 123.60 | 64.20 | 103.54 | 4.36 | 1.42 | 75.68 |
| Apple 6 | 30.90 | 207.12 | 0.74 | 204.40 | 153.68 | 348.76 | <DL | 0.8 | 7.82 |
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| Peach 1 | 39.64 | 229.80 | 7.60 | 26.11 | 403.88 | 568.92 | 1.52 | 0.52 | 5.96 |
| Peach 2 | 5.61 | 59.60 | <DL | 53.12 | 20.72 | 236.94 | <DL | 0.64 | 1.94 |
| Peach 3 | 30.44 | 198.90 | 6.84 | 25.42 | 322.94 | 1186.06 | 3.78 | 1.38 | 18.58 |
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| Apricot 1 | 55.45 | 244.46 | 7.00 | 35.04 | 139.34 | 445.74 | 1.52 | 0.46 | 5.36 |
| Apricot 2 | 26.98 | 206.98 | 1.20 | 146.60 | 534.22 | 516.42 | 1.52 | 0.78 | 3.36 |
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| Orange 1 | 8.17 | 64.14 | <DL | 57.00 | 203.72 | 188.70 | <DL | 0.12 | 10.03 |
| Orange 2 | 5.69 | 88.24 | <DL | 31.24 | 33.28 | 199.78 | <DL | <DL | 1.08 |
| Orange 3 | 5.28 | 71.66 | <DL | 67.72 | 37.86 | 189.56 | <DL | 0.64 | 1.02 |
| Orange 4 | 17.13 | 92.42 | <DL | 40.28 | 129.74 | 100.18 | 1.70 | <DL | 1.66 |
| Orange 5 | 20.71 | 97.30 | 2.76 | 145.00 | 88.50 | 201.04 | 3.02 | 0.4 | 1.96 |
| Orange 6 | 28.21 | 307.88 | 2.18 | 134.16 | 303.90 | 204.12 | 1.52 | 0.26 | 3.98 |
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| Kiwi | 8.69 | 66.70 | 1.20 | 46.04 | 442.38 | 118.44 | <DL | <DL | 1.64 |
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| Pear | 7.56 | 169.56 | 6.30 | 31.52 | 214.16 | 123.66 | <DL | <DL | 1.62 |
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| Multifruit | 4.46 | 131.64 | <DL | 32.20 | 25.44 | 277.60 | 0.38 | <DL | 1.88 |
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| Pineapple | 27.05 | 320.80 | 6.54 | 208.96 | 171.98 | 498.74 | 2.84 | 0.64 | 1.54 |
DL: detection limit, 0.001 µg/L.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has carried out risk assessments dealing with the toxicity by establishing References Doses (RfDs) for a large number of chemicals, including some essential trace elements. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set similar values for toxicity, termed Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADIs) [11].
We compared the heavy metals content founded in our investigated fruit juices with international organizations WHO (2008) [7], USEPA [6], recommended drinking water standards (Table 3).
Table 3.
Drinking water contaminants and maximum admissible limit by different international organizations.
| Heavy metals (µg/L) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cr | Mn | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | As | Cd | Pb | |
| US-EPA (2008) | 100 | 50 | 100 | 100 | 1300 | 5000 | 10 | 5 | 15 |
| WHO (2008) | 50 | 400 | aNM | 70 | 2000 | NGLb | 10 | 3 | 10 |
aNM: not mentioned.
bNGL: no guideline, because it occurs in drinking water at concentrations well below those at which toxic effects may occur.
Cr is an essential micronutrient for animals and plants and is considered as a biological and pollution significant element [12]. Cr in excess amounts can be toxic especially in the hexavalent form. The data obtained for most samples which were analyzed are smaller than maximum admissible limit set by WHO (2008) (50 μg/L), excepting two samples: apple 3 and apricot 1. The concentrations of Cr in commercial fruit juices are bellow the USEPA (2008) maximum admissible limit of this element in drinking water (100 μg/L).
In our study, the Mn concentration was above the acceptable limit for drinking water, according to USEPA standard, for all samples, but did not exceed the limit allowed by WHO (2008).
Co is a necessary cofactor for making the thyroid hormone thyroxin. Co has also been used in anemia treatment as it causes the red blood cells production. The toxicity of Co is quite low compared to that of many other metals [19]. All the samples contained Co present concentrations bellow the maximum admissible limit of USEPA (2008) and WHO (2008).
The allowed limits in drinking water for Ni are 100 μg/L (by USEPA) and 70 μg/L (by WHO). It can be noticed that six values of Ni concentrations from investigated fruit juices are over these limits. The higher Ni content observed for these samples could arise from contamination either from the processing step or from an existing contamination in the drinking water used in fruit juices processing.
Compared with the maximum acceptable limit for Cu concentration in drinking water, cooper's concentrations are lower than their maximum limit values.
Zn is one of the important trace elements that play a vital role in the physiological and metabolic process of many organisms. Nevertheless, higher concentrations of Zn can be toxic to the organism [25].
Cd is highly toxic and responsible for several cases of poisoning through food. Small quantities of Cd cause adverse changes in the arteries of human kidney. It replaces Zn biochemically and causes high blood pressures, kidney damage, and so forth [26]. Pb and Cd toxicity are well documented and are recognized as a major environmental health risk throughout the world [24, 27]. Because of their high toxicity, As, Pb, and Cd need to be quantified in food and beverages [28].
In this study, both concentrations of Zn, As and Cd are bellow the limits imposed by USEPA (2008) and WHO (2008).
The analysis of Pb content reveals the fact that five fruit juices samples (apple 1, apple 4, apple 5, peach 3, and orange 1) exceed the allowable limits for drinking water. Taking into account that lead is less mobile than Cd in the soil-plant system [29], the sources of fruit juices contamination are most probably either the added sugar or the water used in the fruit juices reconstruction.
The concentrations of the metals found in all fruit juices are compared with the values reported in literature for the fruit juices (Table 4).
Table 4.
The metal concentrations of fruit juices in present study compared with the published values.
| Type of fruit juices | Concentration (μg/L) |
Reference used method |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cr | Zn | Cu | Co | Mn | Ni | Cd | Pb | ||
| Orange | 5.75 | 242–480 | 239–460 | [13–15] GFAAS, FAAS |
|||||
| 11.5 | 842; 511 | 271; 309 | 10.3; 20 | 28.7 | [16–19] ICP-MS, AAS |
||||
| 400 | 400 | 20 | [17, 20] ASS |
||||||
| 5.57 | 16–90 | 19.7–58.7 | [17] ASS |
||||||
| 350.2 | 370.8 | 3.9 | 93; 19.6 | 11.3; 30 | [17, 21] ICP-MS, ICP-AES |
||||
| 2.4 | 731.5 | 422.3 | 2.8 | 27.5 | 28.3 | [16] ICP-MS |
|||
| 6.11 | 921.64; 60 | 515; 23 | 8.17; 0.9 | 21.56; 180 | 5.90; 20.5 | 2 | [1, 22] GFAAS, ICP-MS |
||
| 5.28–28.21 | 100.18–204.12 | 33.28–303.90 | 2.18–2.76 | 64.14–307.88 | 31.24–145.00 | 0.12–0.64 | 1.02–10.03 | Present study ICP-MS (range) |
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| Apple | 691 | 335; 416 | 30 | [10, 19] RIMS |
|||||
| 8; 10 | 560; 474 | 535 | 56 | 13 | [10, 14, 23] GFAAS, spectrofluorimetry |
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| 16; 6.61 | 544.96 | 330.50; 73 | 8.39 | 24.42; 75 | 6.46; 3.9 | 0.2 | [1, 16, 22] ICP-MS, GFAAS |
||
| 56.04 | 156.20 | 315.30 | 0.75 | 30.10 | 0.28–0.43 | 1.56–3.42 | [24] ICP-MS |
||
| 4.00–55.60 | 103.54–379.10 | 37.58–153.68 | 0.26–8.30 | 127.08–342.92 | 36.22–204.40 | 0.14–1.42 | 4.66–75.68 | Present study ICP-MS (range) |
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| Pineapple | 5730 | 160 | 3.7 | 1360 | 43.5 | 1.1 | 1.6 | [1] ICP-MS |
|
| 27.05 | 498.74 | 171.98 | 6.54 | 320.80 | 208.96 | 0.64 | 1.54 | Present study ICP-MS |
|
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| Pear | 370 | 58 | 140 | 15.3 | 0.3 | 0.7 | [1] ICP-MS |
||
| 7.56 | 123.66 | 214.16 | 6.30 | 169.56 | 31.52 | <DL | 1.62 | Present study ICP-MS |
|
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| |||||||||
| Peach | 400 | 230 | 210 | 21.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | [1] ICP-MS |
||
| 5.61–30.44 | 236.94–1186.06 | 20.72–322.94 | 6.84–7.60 | 59.60–229.80 | 25.42–53.12 | 0.52–1.38 | 1.94–18.58 | Present study ICP-MS (range) |
|
DL: detection limit, 0.001 μg/L.
The wide variation range of reported data in literature could be explained both by the variability of used raw materials in the fruit juices production and manufacturing processes employed. Because fruit juices are coming from different countries, the metals content reflects differences in soil composition where the fruits were grown.
4. Conclusions
This study presents data on the concentrations of minerals and heavy metals in commercial fruit juices (apple, peach, apricot, orange, kiwi, pear, pineapple, and multifruit) present on Romanian market. The highest content of Ca and K was found in orange juices, whereas Mg concentration had a maximum in pineapple juice. The obtained content of heavy metals and minerals in fruit juices is due to the concentration of these elements in raw materials and also is influenced by the manufacturing process. The metal concentration in raw materials depends on a number of factors, including the soil composition, the external conditions during fruit growing and fruit harvesting.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the PN II (2007–2013) Program Contract no. 120/2010.
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