Table 5. Drug related adverse reactions to medications delivered via ITDD 2.
| Adverse reaction | Associated medications |
|---|---|
| Peripheral edema | Opioids |
| Hormonal changes | Opioids |
| Respiratory depression/somnolence | Opioids, benzodiazepines, local anesthetics, baclofen |
| Granuloma | Opioids (except fentanyl and ziconotide) |
| Hyperalgesia/tolerance/withdrawal | Opioids, baclofen |
| Immune suppression | Opioids |
| Psychosis, suicidality, hallucinations, confusion | Ziconotide, clonidine, baclofen |
| Urinary retention, weakness, hypotension | Opioids, local anesthetics |
| Demyelination, necrotizing lesions | Ketamine, dexmedetomidine |