Table 2. Receptor targets for pain medications 2.
| Receptors targeted | Intrathecal drug delivery system medication(s) |
|---|---|
| Opioid (mu, delta, kappa) | Morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl, sufentanil, methadone |
| GABA | Baclofen, midazolam |
| Sodium channel receptors | Local anesthetics such as bupivicaine, levobupivacaine, ropivacaine |
| NMDA | Ketamine, methadone |
| Calcium channel receptors | Ziconotide |
| Alpha-2 receptors | Clonidine, dexmedetomidine |
| Other agents (rarely used) | Adenosine, gabapentin, ketorolac, neostigmine, octreotide |
Note: The only medications that are FDA approved for ITDD are: Morphine Sulfate, Baclofen, Ziconotide, Floxuridine, and Methotrexate 9.