Abstract
Background
The complement system is part of the immune system in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Adiponectin has anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. Adiponectin and C1q form a protein complex in blood, and serum C1q binding adiponectin (C1q-APN) can be measured. We investigated the comparative evaluation of serum C1q-APN levels in males with ACS, stable angina pectoris (SAP) versus controls.
Methods
The study subjects were 138 Japanese patients who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography. Blood total adiponectin (Total-APN), C1q-APN and C1q were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Patients were divided into three groups according to the clinical condition: ACS (n = 78), SAP (n = 41) or normal coronary (NC, n = 19) groups.
Results
Serum C1q levels were significantly higher in the ACS group (54.9±1.2 μg/mL) than in the NC group (48.0±2.5 μg/mL). Although serum Total-APN levels were significantly lower in the SAP and ACS groups, compared with the NC group (7.0±0.5, 7.2±0.3, 10.6±2.0 μg/mL, respectively), serum C1q-APN levels were significantly higher in the ACS group than in the NC and SAP groups (112.1±4.1, 66.3±4.4, 65.7±2.9 units/mL, respectively).
Conclusions
Patients with ACS had higher serum C1q-APN levels.
Trial Registration
Keywords: Adiponectin, C1q, C1q-binding adiponectin, Acute coronary syndrome
Background
Disruption of atherosclerotic plaques with associated thrombus is responsible for the majority of the acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Plaque instability is related closely to the degree of inflammation. The complement system plays a part of role in acute phase ACS [1]. Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived blood protein [2] is present abundantly in injured arteries [3,4] and has anti-inflammatory, anti- atherosclerotic properties [5,6] and anti-diabetic property [7,8]. Low levels of total-adiponectin (Total-APN) have been reported in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), including angina and ACS [9-15]. Adiponectin circulates in blood in three major forms: trimer, hexamer, and high-molecular weight (HMW) forms [16]. However, the main form of blood adiponectin remains to be elucidated. We reported recently that adiponectin binds with C1q in human blood, and also developed a system to measure human serum C1q-binding adiponectin (C1q-APN) [17]. Serum C1q-APN/Total-APN ratio is a novel marker of the metabolic syndrome in male subjects [17]. Serum C1q-APN/Total-APN ratio correlated with polyvascular diseases and stable CAD in type 2 diabetics [18,19]. However, the characteristics of C1q-APN in ACS patients remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to clarify the comparative evaluation of serum C1q-APN levels in males with ACS, stable angina pectoris (SAP) versus controls.
Methods
Participants
The study (#UMIN000002997) subjects were consecutive 138 Japanese admitted-patients who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography for suspected CAD following chest pain and/or ischemic changes on the electrocardiogram, and also underwent measurement of fat distribution by computed tomography scan for measurement of adipose tissues that was classified to visceral and subcutaneous fat tissue compartment at Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kenporen Osaka Central Hospital and Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Hospital between April and September 2009. Patients who had major surgery or trauma, serious active infectious diseases, malignancies, and chronic inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease were excluded from the study. Patients treated with pioglitazone, which is known to increase serum levels of Total-APN [20] and C1q-APN [21], and those with renal dysfunction (creatinine >1.5 mg/dL) [22] were also excluded from the study. The Medical Ethics Committees of Osaka University, Kenporen Osaka Central Hospital and Kokura Memorial Hospital approved the study.
Patients were divided into three groups according to the clinical condition: ACS [acute myocardial infarction (AMI), unstable angina pectoris (UAP)], SAP and normal coronary group (NC). All coronary angiograms were evaluated by at least two experienced examiners. Patients of the ACS group comprised those with AMI or UAP, and included 68 patients with AMI, who underwent catheterization within 24 hours of the onset of chest pain. The diagnosis of AMI was based on clinical symptoms, ST segment elevation (STEMI) on the electrocardiogram with non-ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), coronary angiographic findings (occlusion of main coronary artery branch with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) grade flow of 0, 1, or 2), and changes in serum creatine kinase concentrations (more than twofold increase from the upper limit of the normal range). STEMI was diagnosed when new or presumed new ST-segment elevation of at least 0.1 mV in two or more leads was observed in any lead or new left bundle branch block was found on the index or qualifying electrocardiogram with 1 positive cardiac biochemical marker of necrosis. NSTEMI was diagnosed in the presence of 1 positive cardiac biochemical marker of necrosis without new ST-segment elevation seen on the index or qualifying electrocardiogram. UAP was diagnosed in 10 patients, based on clinical symptoms, namely typical precordial chest pain of class IIB or IIIB in the Braunwald classification, angiographic evidence (documented severe stenosis of 75% according to the American Heart Association classification in one or more major coronary artery), and changes in serum creatine kinase concentrations (no significant evidence of increase). SAP, which was observed in the remaining 41 patients, was diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, specifically typical precordial chest pain associated with exercise-induced cardiac ischemia and coronary angiographic findings (documented severe stenosis of 75% according to the American Heart Association classification, in one or more major coronary artery). The reference group consisted of 19 control participants (without CAD).
Anthropometry and laboratory tests
Anthropometric variables [height and weight] were measured in the standing position and body mass index (BMI) was calculated [=weight (kg) / height (m)2]. Visceral fat area (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) were measured manually on computed tomography scan at the umbilical level according to our laboratory methods [23]. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer on the left or right arm in the supine position after at least 10-minute rest.
Venous blood samples were collected in the morning after overnight fast for measurement of serum creatinine, lipids, glucose, and HbA1c (Japan Diabetes Society [JDS]) at next day of admission (NC and SAP groups) and about 1 week after onset of ACS (ACS group). The value of HbA1c (%) was estimated as the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) equivalent value (%), calculated by the formula HbA1c (%) = HbA1c (JDS,%) + 0.4%. For the purpose of the present study, serum samples that were obtained at baseline from each participant were stored promptly at -20°C. After thawing the samples, serum levels of Total-APN and high-molecular weight-adiponectin (HMW-APN) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (Human adiponectin ELISA kit, Human HMW-adiponectin ELISA kit, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Tokushima, Japan) [2,16]. Serum levels of C1q-APN (units (U) /mL) and C1q (μg/mL) were measured by our in-house ELISA, as reported previously by our group [17]. The intra- and inter-coefficients of variation (CV) for C1q-APN ELISA are below 4.6% and 6.7%, respectively. The intra- and inter-CV for C1q ELISA are below 4.6% and 5.0%, respectively.
Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or current treatment for hypertension. Diabetes mellitus was defined according to the World Health Organization criteria, or non-fasting plasma glucose concentration ≥126 mg/dL, and/or current treatment for diabetes mellitus. Dyslipidemia was defined as low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration of ≥140 mg/dL, triglyceride concentration ≥150 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration <40 mg/dL, and/or treatment for dyslipidemia.
Statistical analysis
Data are presented as mean±SEM. Differences in frequencies were examined by the χ2 test. Differences among groups were compared by one- or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Fisher's protected least significant difference test for multiple-group analysis. In all cases, p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed with the JMP Statistical Discovery Software 9.0 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
Results
Characteristics of all patients
Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the participating subjects. The affected coronary artery was the left main coronary artery (LMCA) in 2 patients, left anterior descending artery (LAD) in 64 patients, left circumflex artery (LCX) in 20 patients and right coronary artery (RCA) in 33 patients. Single and multiple vessel disease was identified in 86% (none/single/double/triple = 19/72/32/15).
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the subjects enrolled in the present study
| All | NC group | SAP group | ACS group | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number |
138 |
19 |
41 |
78 |
| Age, years |
65 ± 1 (40–86) |
65 ± 2 (51–79) |
65 ± 1 (49–81) |
65 ± 1 (40–86) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 |
24.3 ± 0.3 (17.7-38.4) |
24.3 ± 1.0 (19.5-32.5) |
24.6 ± 0.6 (17.7-31.2) |
24.2 ± 0.4 (17.8-38.4) |
| Visceral fat area, cm2 |
117 ± 5 (25–223) |
101 ± 13 (25–223) |
125 ± 10 (17–277) |
116 ± 6 (18–259) |
| Subcutaneous fat area, cm2 |
130 ± 5 (22–361) |
124 ± 15 (45–329) |
142 ± 8 (50–224) |
126 ± 7 (22–361) |
| Smoking (none-/ex-/current-smoker), n |
45/32/61 |
9/5/5 |
14/10/17* |
22/17/39 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n |
69 (50%) |
10 (53%) |
29 (71%) |
30 (38%) |
| sulfonyl ureas/glinides/biguanides/alpha glucosidase inhibitors/Insulin, n |
22/5/10/20/6 |
5/0/1/2/2 |
10/5/8/2/2 |
7/0/1/16/2 |
| Hypertension, n |
92 (67%) |
15 (79%) |
27* (66%) |
50 (64%) |
| calcium channel antagonists/angiotensin receptor blockers /β-blockers/diuretics, n |
44/70/62/9 |
7/2/2/0 |
21/20/4/4 |
16/48/56/5 |
| Dyslipidemia, n |
61 (44%) |
7 (37%) |
24* (59%) |
30 (38%) |
| Statins/fibrates/ezetimibe/cholestimide, n |
83/2/1/1 |
10/1/0/0 |
10/0/1/1 |
63/1/0/0 |
| anti-platelet drugs (aspirin/ticlopidine/clopidogrel), n |
115/32/65 |
6/0/4 |
31/0/20 |
78/32/41 |
| Family history of CAD, n |
13 (9%) |
2 (11%) |
3* (7%) |
8 (10%) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg |
138 ± 2 (90–217) |
139 ± 4 (108–173) |
138 ± 3 (100–175) |
138 ± 3 (90–217) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg |
83 ± 1 (49–146) |
79 ± 2 (64–94) |
75 ± 2 (49–99) |
87 ± 2 (57–146)† |
| Hemoglobin A1c (NGSP), % |
6.7 ± 0.1 (3.4-12.2) |
7.3 ± 0.4 (5.8-9.8) |
6.9 ± 0.2 (5.5-10.1) |
6.6 ± 0.2 (3.4-12.2) |
| LDL-C, mg/dL |
112 ± 3 (20–250) |
114 ± 8 (58–154) |
107 ± 6 (49–197) |
115 ± 4 (20–250) |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL |
122 ± 7 (24–611) |
124 ± 16 (49–263) |
140 ± 12 (59–374) |
113 ± 10 (24–611) |
| HDL-C, mg/dL |
49 ± 1 (26–128) |
63 ± 4 (39–95) |
53 ± 3 (27–104) |
44 ± 2 (26–128)¶,† |
| Creatinine, mg/dL |
0.85 ± 0.03 (0.47-1.34) |
0.86 ± 0.04 (0.60-1.20) |
0.85 ± 0.03 (0.60-1.30) |
0.91 ± 0.04 (0.47-1.34) |
| Target lesions (LMCA/LAD/LCX/RCA), n |
2/64/20/33 |
- |
2/20/14/5 |
0/44/6/28 |
| Vessels (None/SVD/DVD/TVD), n |
19/72/32/15 |
- |
0/22/14/5 |
0/50/18/10 |
| Procedures (PCI/CABG), n | 118/1 | - | 40/1 | 78/0 |
Data are mean ± SEM (range), or number of subjects analyzed. *P < 0.05, Compared with the NC group, ¶P < 0.0001, Compared with the NC group, †P < 0.001, Compared with the SAP group.
Differences among groups were compared by one- or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Fisher's protected least significant difference test for multiple-group analysis. Differences in frequencies were examined by the χ2 test. CAD, Coronary artery disease; HDL-C, High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LMCA, Left main coronary artery; LAD, Left anterior descending artery; LCX, Left circumflex artery; RCA, Right coronary artery; SVD, Single vessel disease; DVD, Double vessels disease; TVD, Triple vessels disease; PCI, Percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, Coronary artery bypass graft.
Comparison of adiponectin parameters among NC, SAP and ACS groups
Table 1 shows the characteristics of patients without CAD, with SAP and those with ACS. There were no significant differences in age, BMI, VFA and SFA between the three groups, which is known to influence serum levels of Total-APN [2] and C1q-APN [17]. Subjects with SAP had higher prevalence of current smoke, hypertension, dyslipidemia, than those with NC. Serum HDL-C levels were significantly lower in the ACS group, compared with the NC and SAP groups. Serum Total-APN levels were significantly lower in the SAP (7.0±0.5 μg/mL) and ACS (7.2±0.3) groups, compared with the NC group (10.6±2.0, Figure 1a). Serum HMW-APN levels were significantly lower in the SAP group (4.1±0.5 μg/mL) and trended to be lower in ACS group (4.9±0.4), compared with the NC group (6.8±1.6, Figure 1b). Serum C1q-APN levels were significantly higher in ACS group (112.1±4.1 U/mL) compared with the NC (66.3±4.4) and SAP group (65.7±2.9, Figure 1c). Serum C1q levels were significantly higher in the ACS group (54.9±1.2 μg/mL), compared with the NC group (48.0±2.5, Figure 1d). There was no significant difference in serum HMW-APN/Total-APN ratio among the three groups (ACS: 0.60±0.04, SAP: 0.55±0.04, NC: 0.63±0.03, Figure 1e). Serum C1q-APN/Total-APN ratio was significantly higher in the ACS group (17.50±0.83), compared with the NC (7.96±0.81) and SAP (10.95±0.89, Figure 1f) groups. Serum C1q-APN/Total-APN ratio was significantly higher in the SAP group than in the NC group (Figure 1f) Serum C1q-APN/C1q ratio was significantly higher in the ACS group (2.11±0.09), compared with the NC (1.28±0.05) and SAP (1.45±0.16, Figure 1g) groups. Serum Total-APN/C1q ratio was significantly lower in the SAP (0.15±0.01) and ACS (0.14±0.01) groups, compared with the NC group (0.25±0.07, Figure 1h).
Figure 1.
Circulating levels of (a) Total-APN, (b) HMW-APN, (c) C1q-APN, (d) C1q, (e) HMW-APN/Total-APN, (f) C1q-APN/Total-APN, (g) C1q-APN/C1q, and (h) Total-APN/C1q in subjects without CAD (Normal coronary; NC), stable angina pectoris (SAP) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Differences among groups were compared by one- or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Fisher's protected least significant difference test for multiple-group analysis.
Discussion
The following were the major findings of the present study: 1) serum C1q-APN levels were higher in the ACS group than in the NC and SAP groups, 2) serum C1q levels were higher in the ACS group than in the NC group, and 3) serum C1q-APN/Total-APN ratio was higher in the SAP and ACS groups, compared with the NC group.
This is the first report of significantly higher serum C1q levels in patients with ACS compared with the control (Figure 1d). The complement system is part of the immune system in acute phase ACS [1]. C1q interacts with complement cell-surface receptor to promote phagocytosis and local pro-inflammatory response [24]. Pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognized and bound by defense collagens, such as C1q, leads to rapid containment of infection via complement activation [25]. The inflammatory response is also mediated by the patient's innate immune cells including adipocyte apoptosis, which are equipped with pattern recognition receptors. These receptors are able to sense injury-induced, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) generated during collection, processing, and storage of blood/blood components [26]. These systems may promote the formation of acute and chronic phase of atherosclerosis.
On the other hand, adiponectin shows structural homology to collagen VIII, X and complement factor C1q [3] and belongs to soluble defense collagen family [27]. Peake et al. reported that adiponectin bound C1q in vitro, which induces activation of the classical complement pathway [28]. Adiponectin have been shown to facilitate enhanced phagocytosis and modulate induction of cytokines towards an anti-inflammatory profile and protect against cardiovascular diseases [29]. Adiponectin increases the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in macrophages [30], thus may inhibit matrix degradation in atheromatous plaques. In the present study, hypoadiponectinemia was detected in patients with ACS and SAP (low serum Total-APN levels) (Figure 1a), in agreement with several previous studies [10-15]. We recently reported that serum C1q-APN/Total-APN ratio correlated with the metabolic syndrome in men [17], and with polyvascular diseases and CAD in type 2 diabetics [18,19], although there was no significant difference in serum C1q-APN levels between patients without and with CAD. The present study also showed no significant difference in serum C1q-APN levels between NC and SAP groups. Interestingly, the present study demonstrated that serum C1q-APN levels were 1.7-fold higher in patients with ACS than those of the NC and SAP groups (Figure 1c). The ACS groups had significantly lower serum HDL-C levels, than the NC and SAP groups (Table 1). Our previous report had reported that stepwise multiple regression analysis did not identify HDL-C as a significant determinant of C1q–APN [17]. Some studies reported that serum complement levels were markedly elevated in ACS compared with SAP patients, suggesting an acute phase and inflammatory response [31,32]. The protein family CTRPs (C1q/TNF-related proteins) has recently been identified as adiponectin paralogs and some CTRP members share adiponectin's metabolic regulatory function and regulate cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction [33,34]. These results suggest that adiponectin seems to have a protective role in activated complement system in the development of ACS and have an impact on the self-defense system through its binding with C1q in blood. Measurements of serum Total-APN plus C1q-APN may become instrumental to combat ACS. However, to date, the precise value of serum C1q-APN cannot be measured, because the proportion of blood adiponectin that forms protein complex with C1q remains unclear. Further clinical and experimental studies are needed to clarify the role of adiponectin and C1q network in ACS.
In conclusion, the present study indicates that serum C1q-APN levels were higher in male patients with ACS, and that serum C1q-APN/Total-APN ratio was higher in male patients with SAP and ACS than the control. Serum C1q-APN might be a promising target in attempts to reduce ACS.
Study limitations
The present study has several limitations. First, this is a cross-sectional study, making it difficult to establish a cause-effect relationship. Further prospective studies should be conducted to analyze this relationship. Second, all patients in this study were Japanese men and any differences from other ethnic groups are unknown. All participants were Japanese and each gave a written informed consent. Based upon 80% power to detect statistically significant differences (p = 0.05; two-sided) as our group reported previously [18,19], a sample size of at least 20 patients in each group was required to demonstrate (total sample size = 60). Further multicenter studies that include larger samples of subjects, especially those of other races, are needed. Finally, we measured various laboratory parameters and fat distribution at about one week after onset of ACS, therefore, medical therapy for ACS may have affected these parameters [35].
Abbreviations
ACS: Acute coronary syndrome; AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; BMI: Body mass index; CAD: Coronary artery disease; C1q-APN: C1q-binding adiponectin; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HMW-APN: High-molecular weight adiponectin; NC: Normal coronary; SAP: Stable angina pectoris; SFA: Subcutaneous fat area; TIMI: Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction; Total-APN: Total-adiponectin; UAP: Unstable angina pectoris; VFA: Visceral fat area.
Competing interests
TF is a member of the “Department of Metabolism and Atherosclerosis”, a sponsored course endowed by Kowa Co. Ltd.. The company has a scientific officer who oversees the program. All other authors declare no competing interests. Human serum C1q-binding adiponectin complex assay is under patent application in Japan.
Authors’ contributions
KK researched and analyzed the data, participated in the concept and design of the study, interpretation of data and reviewed/edited the manuscript. HK analyzed the data. YN, TM, HY and KY recruited the patients and collected the data. TF and IS contributed to the discussion. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Contributor Information
Ken Kishida, Email: kkishida@imed2.med.osaka-u.ac.jp.
Yasuhiko Nakagawa, Email: yasunakagawa@hotmail.com.
Hironori Kobayashi, Email: kobayashihir@otsuka.jp.
Toru Mazaki, Email: mazakinn@ybb.ne.jp.
Hiroyoshi Yokoi, Email: hyokoi@bu.iij4u.or.jp.
Koji Yanagi, Email: kyanagiosaka@yahoo.co.jp.
Tohru Funahashi, Email: funahashi@endmet.med.osaka-u.ac.jp.
Iichiro Shimomura, Email: ichi@endmet.med.osaka-u.ac.jp.
Acknowledgments
We thank all the staff of each participating hospital for the excellent medical care, and Messrs Shigeo Takahashi, Suguru Akamatsu, and Tetsuya Oda for the statistical advice and helpful discussion. We also thank Messrs Hideaki Tanaka and Tohru Hadama and Mrs. Miyuki Nakamura for the excellent technical assistance. This research was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a proposed research area) "Molecular Basis and Disorders of Control of Appetite and Fat Accumulation" (#22126008, to TF and KK), and Osaka University’s academia-industry collaboration policy position between Osaka University and Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
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