Table 3.
Antibody responses at Month 7 and at Month 12 in vaccinated participants by helminth infection and malaria infection status.
| N | Geometric mean titre (EU/mL) (95% CI) | Unadjusted geometric mean ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted geometric mean ratioa (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month 7 | ||||
| HPV-16 IgG | ||||
| Overall | 195 | 10786 (9126–12747) | – | – |
| Any helminth | ||||
| No | 126 | 10492 (8445–13036) | P = 0.27 | P > 0.99 |
| Yes | 60 | 12761 (10269–15857) | 1.22 (0.86–1.72) | 1.00 (0.77–1.29) |
| Intensity of helminth infection | ||||
| None | 126 | 10492 (8445–13036) | P = 0.48 | P = 0.72 |
| Light | 50 | 12363 (9936–15383) | 1.18 (0.81–1.71) | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) |
| Moderate/heavy | 10 | 14946 (6442–34679) | 1.42 (0.69–2.95) | 1.20 (0.71–2.03) |
| Malaria | ||||
| No | 166 | 9750 (8082–11761) | P = 0.01 | P = 0.05 |
| Yes | 20 | 20357 (14430–28720) | 2.09 (1.20–3.63) | 1.47 (1.00–2.18) |
| HPV-18 IgG | ||||
| Overall | 195 | 3701 (3156–4340) | – | – |
| Any helminth | ||||
| No | 126 | 3513 (2880–4285) | P = 0.19 | P = 0.64 |
| Yes | 60 | 4392 (3418–5643) | 1.25 (0.90–1.75) | 1.06 (0.82–1.38) |
| Intensity of helminth infection | ||||
| None | 126 | 3513 (2880–4285) | P = 0.26 | P = 0.35 |
| Light | 50 | 4129 (3162–5393) | 1.18 (0.82–1.68) | 1.00 (0.75–1.32) |
| Moderate/heavy | 10 | 5973 (2689–13268) | 1.70 (0.84–3.42) | 1.46 (0.85–2.51) |
| Malaria | ||||
| No | 166 | 3434 (2873–4104) | P = 0.07 | P = 0.42 |
| Yes | 20 | 5648 (3736–8538) | 1.64 (0.97–2.80) | 1.18 (0.79–1.76) |
| Month 12 | ||||
| HPV-16 IgG | ||||
| Overall | 196 | 2656 (2246–3140) | – | – |
| Any helminth | ||||
| No | 129 | 2613 (2124–3215) | P = 0.64 | P = 0.70 |
| Yes | 59 | 2843 (2171–3723) | 1.09 (0.76–1.55) | 0.94 (0.67–1.31) |
| Intensity of helminth infection | ||||
| None | 129 | 2617 (2129–3217) | P = 0.67 | P = 0.70 |
| Light | 49 | 2994 (2301–3895) | 1.14 (0.78–1.67) | 0.98 (0.69–1.40) |
| Moderate/heavy | 10 | 2218 (745–6600) | 0.85 (0.40–1.77) | 0.75 (0.38–1.48) |
| Malaria | ||||
| No | 167 | 2461 (2039–2971) | P = 0.05 | P = 0.16 |
| Yes | 20 | 4335 (2890–6502) | 1.76 (1.01–3.08) | 1.43 (0.86–2.37) |
| HPV-18 IgG | ||||
| Overall | 196 | 986 (834–1166) | – | – |
| Any helminth | ||||
| No | 129 | 970 (781–1205) | P = 0.71 | P = 0.89 |
| Yes | 59 | 1038 (802–1344) | 1.07 (0.74–1.54) | 0.98 (0.69–1.38) |
| Intensity of helminth infection | ||||
| None | 129 | 973 (784–1207) | P = 0.83 | P = 0.85 |
| Light | 49 | 1076 (806–1436) | 1.11 (0.75–1.63) | 1.01 (0.70–1.47) |
| Moderate/heavy | 10 | 880 (453–1712) | 0.90 (0.42–1.93) | 0.82 (0.41–1.66) |
| Malaria | ||||
| No | 167 | 952 (787–1151) | P = 0.59 | P = 0.79 |
| Yes | 20 | 1109 (764–1609) | 1.16 (0.66–2.05) | 0.93 (0.55–1.58) |
a
Geometric mean ratio (GMR) for helminth infection adjusted for participant age, number of vaccine doses and malaria infection. GMR for malaria infection adjusted for age, number of vaccine doses and any helminth infection.