Abstract
We report the draft genomes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Cubana strain CVM42234, isolated from chick feed in 2012, and S. Cubana strain 76814, isolated from swine in 2004. The genome sizes are 4,975,046 and 4,936,251 bp, respectively.
GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
The presence of bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella, in animal feed is an important route of animal infections and thus is an important risk factor for the human food chain and public health. There are >2,500 serovars of Salmonella, and all of them are considered a potential threat to human health (1). Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Cubana has been reported in swine that received contaminated feed (2) and in human foods (3). Whole-genome sequencing of Salmonella serotypes will allow the discovery of new genes unique to Salmonella and will support outbreak investigations.
The S. Cubana CVM42234 strain was isolated from chick feed with the Bacteriological Analytical Manual Salmonella culture method (4, 5), detected by a quantitative PCR (qPCR) method (6, 7), and serotyped with PCR serotyping (8) and by traditional serological methods according to the CDC protocols (9–11). The serotype antigens are 1, 13, 23, and z29-. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed according to the CDC methods (12), and the PFGE pattern was JDGX01.0018. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done according to the standard National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System protocol using the CMV2AGNF panel of antimicrobials (13). S. Cubana strain 76814 was tested using a similar microbroth dilution method (Trek Biosystems, Cleveland, OH). Strain CVM42234 was susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, but strain 76814 was resistant to streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline.
Strain CVM42234 DNA was extracted using the QIAcube (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), the DNA library was constructed according to the Illumina protocol with Nextera XT DNA Sample Prep kit, and it was sequenced using Illumina MiSeq (Illumina, San Diego, CA). CLC bio software version 6.0.1 (Germantown, MD) was used for the trimming and de novo assembly of the paired-end reads to 100 contigs. Strain 76814 DNA was isolated with the GenElute isolation kit (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for bacteria, the library was made by shearing and ligating Illumina sequencing adapters to the genomic DNA, and it was sequenced on HiSeq 2000 (Illumina) then assembled using one Button Velvet (European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire United Kingdom) into 247 contigs (172 scaffolds).
Both the CVM42234 and 76814 draft genomes were annotated using RAST (14). The two S. Cubana genomes have an average nucleotide identity of 99.5% and reveal many common genetic features, as well as some differences. They both have a multidrug resistance mdtABCD cluster, a multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) locus, and several multidrug resistance efflux pumps. Loci for resistance to metals, such as arsenic, copper, silver, cobalt, zinc, and mercury, are present. Many flagellar motility genes also are present. CVM42234 contains two discrete clusters of phage proteins. A conjugative plasmid and a small plasmid bearing a mercury resistance locus were identified from the 76814 genome assembly. The presence of many antimicrobial resistance genes and strain-specific mobile elements indicate that S. Cubana may exhibit typical heterogeneity based on host and geographical factors as seen in many other pathogenic Salmonella serovars. The annotations of both genomes are publically available at RAST.
Nucleotide sequence accession numbers.
The draft genome sequences for these two Salmonella serovar Cubana strains have been deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under accession no. ATEU00000000 and AZGR00000000.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Steffen Porwollik and Pui Cheng for their expert assistance.
M.M. was supported in part by NIH grants no. AI039557, AI052237, AI073971, AI075093, AI077645, and AI083646, USDA grants no. 2009-03579 and 2011-67017-30127, the Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, and a grant from the Center for Produce Safety.
We thank Wen Lin for providing the Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast instrument during this study, Venkatakrishna Shyamala for reviewing the manuscript, and Bill Klimki of the National Library of Medicine/National Center for Biotechnology Information for assistance in submitting the metadata associated with this sequencing project.
Footnotes
Citation Benahmed FH, Gopinath GR, Wang H, Jean-Gilles Beabrun J, Grim C, Cheng C-M, McClelland M, Ayers S, Abbott J, Desai P, Frye JG, Weinstock G, Hammack TS, Hanes DE, Rasmussen MA, Davidson MK. 2014. Whole-genome sequencing of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Cubana strains isolated from agricultural sources. Genome Announc. 2(1):e01184-13. doi:10.1128/genomeA.01184-13.
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