Skip to main content
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1985 Aug;82(16):5265–5269. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.16.5265

Identification of immediate early genes from herpes simplex virus that transactivate the virus thymidine kinase gene.

I H Gelman, S Silverstein
PMCID: PMC390548  PMID: 2991915

Abstract

A HeLa cell transient-expression assay system was used to determine if isolated immediate early (alpha) genes from herpes simplex virus (HSV) could transcriptionally activate (transactivate) the type 1 (HSV-1) thymidine kinase (TK) gene [an early (beta) gene]. Cells transfected with the TK gene alone transcribed very low levels of TK RNA. Cells cotransfected with plasmids bearing the sequences that encode the alpha-gene product infected cell protein 0 or 4 (ICP0 or ICP4) and the TK gene faithfully transcribed high levels of TK RNA. The plasmid containing the sequences encoding ICP0 was a more potent transactivator than the plasmid containing the sequences for ICP4.

Full text

PDF
5265

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Birnboim H. C., Doly J. A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Nov 24;7(6):1513–1523. doi: 10.1093/nar/7.6.1513. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Campbell M. E., Palfreyman J. W., Preston C. M. Identification of herpes simplex virus DNA sequences which encode a trans-acting polypeptide responsible for stimulation of immediate early transcription. J Mol Biol. 1984 Nov 25;180(1):1–19. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(84)90427-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Chirgwin J. M., Przybyla A. E., MacDonald R. J., Rutter W. J. Isolation of biologically active ribonucleic acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease. Biochemistry. 1979 Nov 27;18(24):5294–5299. doi: 10.1021/bi00591a005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Costanzo F., Campadelli-Fiume G., Foa-Tomasi L., Cassai E. Evidence that herpes simplex virus DNA is transcribed by cellular RNA polymerase B. J Virol. 1977 Mar;21(3):996–1001. doi: 10.1128/jvi.21.3.996-1001.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Davison M. J., Preston V. G., McGeoch D. J. Determination of the sequence alteration in the DNA of the herpes simplex virus type 1 temperature-sensitive mutant ts K. J Gen Virol. 1984 May;65(Pt 5):859–863. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-65-5-859. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. DeLuca N. A., Courtney M. A., Schaffer P. A. Temperature-sensitive mutants in herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP4 permissive for early gene expression. J Virol. 1984 Dec;52(3):767–776. doi: 10.1128/jvi.52.3.767-776.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Ejercito P. M., Kieff E. D., Roizman B. Characterization of herpes simplex virus strains differing in their effects on social behaviour of infected cells. J Gen Virol. 1968 May;2(3):357–364. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-2-3-357. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. El Kareh A., Silverstein S., Smiley J. Control of expression of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene in biochemically transformed cells. J Gen Virol. 1984 Jan;65(Pt 1):19–36. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-65-1-19. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. ElKareh A., Murphy A. J., Fichter T., Efstratiadis A., Silverstein S. "Transactivation" control signals in the promoter of the herpesvirus thymidine kinase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Feb;82(4):1002–1006. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.4.1002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Esparza J., Benyesh-Melnick B., Schaffer P. A. Intertypic complementation and recombination between temperature-sensitive mutants of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. Virology. 1976 Apr;70(2):372–384. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90279-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Everett R. D. DNA sequence elements required for regulated expression of the HSV-1 glycoprotein D gene lie within 83 bp of the RNA capsites. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Oct 11;11(19):6647–6666. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.19.6647. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Everett R. D. Trans activation of transcription by herpes virus products: requirement for two HSV-1 immediate-early polypeptides for maximum activity. EMBO J. 1984 Dec 20;3(13):3135–3141. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02270.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Feldman L. T., Imperiale M. J., Nevins J. R. Activation of early adenovirus transcription by the herpesvirus immediate early gene: evidence for a common cellular control factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Aug;79(16):4952–4956. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.16.4952. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Garfinkle B., McAuslan B. R. Regulation of herpes simplex virus-induced thymidine kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1974 Jun 4;58(3):822–829. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(74)80491-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Goldin A. L., Sandri-Goldin R. M., Levine M., Glorioso J. C. Cloning of herpes simplex virus type 1 sequences representing the whole genome. J Virol. 1981 Apr;38(1):50–58. doi: 10.1128/jvi.38.1.50-58.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Gorman C. M., Moffat L. F., Howard B. H. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Sep;2(9):1044–1051. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.9.1044. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Green M. R., Treisman R., Maniatis T. Transcriptional activation of cloned human beta-globin genes by viral immediate-early gene products. Cell. 1983 Nov;35(1):137–148. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90216-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hall L. M., Draper K. G., Frink R. J., Costa R. H., Wagner E. K. Herpes simplex virus mRNA species mapping in EcoRI fragment I. J Virol. 1982 Aug;43(2):594–607. doi: 10.1128/jvi.43.2.594-607.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Heidecker G., Messing J., Gronenborn B. A versatile primer for DNA sequencing in the M13mp2 cloning system. Gene. 1980 Jun;10(1):69–73. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(80)90145-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Honess R. W., Roizman B. Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis. I. Cascade regulation of the synthesis of three groups of viral proteins. J Virol. 1974 Jul;14(1):8–19. doi: 10.1128/jvi.14.1.8-19.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Honess R. W., Roizman B. Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis: sequential transition of polypeptide synthesis requires functional viral polypeptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Apr;72(4):1276–1280. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.4.1276. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Hu N., Messing J. The making of strand-specific M13 probes. Gene. 1982 Mar;17(3):271–277. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(82)90143-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Imperiale M. J., Feldman L. T., Nevins J. R. Activation of gene expression by adenovirus and herpesvirus regulatory genes acting in trans and by a cis-acting adenovirus enhancer element. Cell. 1983 Nov;35(1):127–136. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90215-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Jones P. C., Roizman B. Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis. VIII. The transcription program consists of three phases during which both extent of transcription and accumulation of RNA in the cytoplasm are regulated. J Virol. 1979 Aug;31(2):299–314. doi: 10.1128/jvi.31.2.299-314.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Leiden J. M., Buttyan R., Spear P. G. Herpes simplex virus gene expression in transformed cells. I. Regulation of the viral thymidine kinase gene in transformed L cells by products of superinfecting virus. J Virol. 1976 Nov;20(2):413–424. doi: 10.1128/jvi.20.2.413-424.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Mackem S., Roizman B. Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis: temporal order of transcription of alpha genes is not dependent on the stringency of inhibition of protein synthesis. J Virol. 1981 Oct;40(1):319–322. doi: 10.1128/jvi.40.1.319-322.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. McKnight S. L., Kingsbury R. Transcriptional control signals of a eukaryotic protein-coding gene. Science. 1982 Jul 23;217(4557):316–324. doi: 10.1126/science.6283634. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Messing J., Vieira J. A new pair of M13 vectors for selecting either DNA strand of double-digest restriction fragments. Gene. 1982 Oct;19(3):269–276. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(82)90016-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Middleton M. H., Reyes G. R., Ciufo D. M., Buchan A., Macnab J. C., Hayward G. S. Expression of cloned herpesvirus genes. I. Detection of nuclear antigens from herpes simplex virus type 2 inverted repeat regions in transfected mouse cells. J Virol. 1982 Sep;43(3):1091–1101. doi: 10.1128/jvi.43.3.1091-1101.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Nishioka Y., Silverstein S. Degradation of cellular mRNA during infection by herpes simplex virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Jun;74(6):2370–2374. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.6.2370. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. O'Hare P., Hayward G. S. Evidence for a direct role for both the 175,000- and 110,000-molecular-weight immediate-early proteins of herpes simplex virus in the transactivation of delayed-early promoters. J Virol. 1985 Mar;53(3):751–760. doi: 10.1128/jvi.53.3.751-760.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Post L. E., Conley A. J., Mocarski E. S., Roizman B. Cloning of reiterated and nonreiterated herpes simplex virus 1 sequences as BamHI fragments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jul;77(7):4201–4205. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.7.4201. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Post L. E., Mackem S., Roizman B. Regulation of alpha genes of herpes simplex virus: expression of chimeric genes produced by fusion of thymidine kinase with alpha gene promoters. Cell. 1981 May;24(2):555–565. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90346-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Post L. E., Roizman B. A generalized technique for deletion of specific genes in large genomes: alpha gene 22 of herpes simplex virus 1 is not essential for growth. Cell. 1981 Jul;25(1):227–232. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90247-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Preston C. M. Control of herpes simplex virus type 1 mRNA synthesis in cells infected with wild-type virus or the temperature-sensitive mutant tsK. J Virol. 1979 Jan;29(1):275–284. doi: 10.1128/jvi.29.1.275-284.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Sarmiento M., Haffey M., Spear P. G. Membrane proteins specified by herpes simplex viruses. III. Role of glycoprotein VP7(B2) in virion infectivity. J Virol. 1979 Mar;29(3):1149–1158. doi: 10.1128/jvi.29.3.1149-1158.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Smiley J. R. Construction in vitro and rescue of a thymidine kinase-deficient deletion mutation of herpes simplex virus. Nature. 1980 May 29;285(5763):333–335. doi: 10.1038/285333a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Smiley J. R., Swan H., Pater M. M., Pater A., Halpern M. E. Positive control of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene requires upstream DNA sequences. J Virol. 1983 Aug;47(2):301–310. doi: 10.1128/jvi.47.2.301-310.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Timbury M. C., Subak-Sharpe J. H. Genetic interactions between temperature-sensitive mutants of types 1 and 2 herpes simplex viruses. J Gen Virol. 1973 Mar;18(3):347–357. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-18-3-347. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Watson R. J., Clements J. B. Characterization of transcription-deficient temperature-sensitive mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1. Virology. 1978 Dec;91(2):364–379. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90384-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Watson R. J., Preston C. M., Clements J. B. Separation and characterization of herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early mRNA's. J Virol. 1979 Jul;31(1):42–52. doi: 10.1128/jvi.31.1.42-52.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Wigler M., Sweet R., Sim G. K., Wold B., Pellicer A., Lacy E., Maniatis T., Silverstein S., Axel R. Transformation of mammalian cells with genes from procaryotes and eucaryotes. Cell. 1979 Apr;16(4):777–785. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90093-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Zipser D., Lipsich L., Kwoh J. Mapping functional domains in the promoter region of the herpes thymidine kinase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Oct;78(10):6276–6280. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.10.6276. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES