Abstract
Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes by methylation is an important pathway in the multi-step process of carcinogenesis. This aim of this study was to investigate the expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) which strongly contributes to the methylation process in endometrial normal and tumor tissues. Moreover, a correlation with the expression of hMLH1 and E-cadherin that was inactivated in a number of endometrial cancers was observed. Samples were obtained from 8 cases of normal endometrium, 10 cases of hyperplasia, 11 cases of atypical hyperplasia and 38 cases of carcinoma. DNMT1 expression was correlated with tumor progression (P=0.0023), as well as with the attenuation of hMLH1 and E-cadherin expression (P=0.031 and 0.031, respectively). No attenuation of hMLH1 and E-cadherin expression was observed in DNMT1-negative cases. Thus, the investigation of DNMT1 expression in clinical samples was shown to be useful in identifying the conditions that are related to general methylation. Overexpression of DNMT1 microRNA (mRNA) was mainly observed in carcinomas. Gene amplification occurred with tumor development. Gene amplification of DNMT1 was correlated with the expression of DNMT1 protein (P=0.041). In conclusion, overexpression of DNMT1 protein is caused by various factors, one of which is gene amplification.
Keywords: DNA methyltransferase 1, endometrial cancer, hMLH1, E-cadherin, in situ hybridization
Introduction
Epigenetic alterations are important in carcinogenesis, with methylation of the promoter part of tumor suppressor genes constituting one of the important alterations. Although this mechanism can be detected by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), it is difficult to perform such an investigation in pathological specimens. In addition, observation of methylation is complicated as compared with pathological findings. The representative protein in the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of proteins, which has important roles in the methylation of DNA, is DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) (1). Methylation of a general tumor can be examined by detecting DNMT1 with immunostaining methods, a procedure that is easily performed in a general hospital and it has been reported that overexpression of DNMT1 protein is correlated with the methylation of tumor suppressor genes (2).
An endometrial carcinoma is representative of hormonal-dependent tumors, with endometrioid adenocarcinoma, which arises from endometrial hyperplasia, constituting the most frequently encountered type. Methylation is known to occur at a high frequency in this type of adenocarcinoma. Tumor development has been reported to be correlated with the frequency of methylation (2), although the mechanism has yet to be investigated in detail. Using immunostaining methods, we aimed to investigate the expression of hMLH1 and E-cadherin, which have been reported to be attenuated with tumor development in the endometrium (3), and to determine their correlation with the overexpression of DNMT1. In addition, an in situ hybridization (ISH) method was used to determine whether overexpression of DNMT1 is caused by the expression of microRNA (mRNA) and/or gene amplification of DNMT1.
Materials and methods
Subjects
We examined endometrial biopsy tissues resected from patients examined at the Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital (Ibaraki, Japan) from 2001 to 2008. Samples were obtained from 8 cases of normal tissue, 10 cases of cystic or adenomatous hyperplasia, 11 cases of atypical hyperplasia and 38 cases of endometrioid adenocarcinoma. This study was approved by the ethics committee of Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The tissues were embedded in formalin-fixed paraffin sections, with a formalin fixation time of <48 h. The age of the examined patients ranged from 19 to 88 years. Histological diagnosis was performed by two pathologists based on the Japanese Classification of Endometrial Carcinoma (4).
Immunostaining
Deparaffinization was performed using xylene, then the immunostaining process was performed as described. Sections were initially re-hydrated using an alcohol series. For hMLH1 and E-cadherin, heat treatment in a microwave oven was performed in citric acid buffer at pH 6.0 for 15 min, while for DNMT1 heat treatment was performed with an autoclave in target retrieval solution (Nichirei Bioscience, Tokyo, Japan) at pH 9.0 for 15 min. The sections were air-cooled for 20 min, then H2O2 treatment was performed for 10 min to inactivate endogenous peroxidase. Anti-hMLH1 mouse monoclonal (ES05, dilution, 1:100; Leica Microsystems, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK), anti-E-cadherin rabbit polyclonal (dilution, 1:200; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and anti-DNMT1 mouse monoclonal (60B1220.1, dilution, 1:300; Acris Antibodies GmbH, Herford, Germany) antibodies were added to the sections in a moisture chamber and incubated at room temperature for 3 h. After washing in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 30 min, a polymer method was performed at room temperature with the NovoLink™ polymer HRP kit (Leica Microsystems, Tokyo, Japan). The post-primary antibody and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated polymer in the kit were incubated for 30 min each, and visualization was carried out with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine. Counterstaining with hematoxylin, as well as dehydration and cover slipping were then performed.
mRNA in situ hybridization
DNMT1 mRNA expression in 8 normal cases, 10 cases with hyperplasia, 11 cases with atypical hyperplasia and 19 cases with carcinoma was investigated. The oligonucleotide probe sequence was 5′-GTTGCAGTCCTCTGTGAACACTGTGG-3′, as previously reported by Mizuno et al(5). ISH was performed according to the manufacturer’s instuctions, with a modest modification of the digoxigenin (DIG)-tailed probe. Sections were treated for 10 min each with pepsin, HCl, triethanolamine, and acetic acid and then incubated with a DNMT1-specific DIG-tailed probe at 42°C overnight. DNMT1 mRNA expression was then detected using the GenPoint kit (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark), with an anti-DIG antibody (dilution, 1:2,500; Roche Diagnostics, Tokyo, Japan) used for the detection of DIG instead of the streptavidin included in the kit.
Chromogenic in situ hybridization
The DNA probe for chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) was produced using a Probe Synthesis kit (Roche Diagnostics). The primer used to detect DNMT1 was designed using free software primer3, with reference to information provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The reference sequence was NG_028016.1. The forward and reverse primer sequences were GACCTCCTCCTCTGTTGCAG and AGACCAGGGGTCACACAAAG, respectively. The PCR product (348 bp) was used as the CISH probe and labeled with DIG by the kit. CISH was performed using this probe, and detection was carried out using the GenPoint kit (Dako) in the same manner as mRNA detection. CISH was performed in 48 cases in the same manner as mRNA ISH.
Assessments and statistical analysis
Immunocytochemical staining of DNMT1 was considered positive when ≥20% of the tumor cells expressed the protein in the nucleus (6). The color development of the cytoplasm was not taken into consideration for this determination. hMLH1 and E-cadherin were regarded as negative when ≥10% of the tumor cells in the membrane were attenuated. As for ISH, cases in which the cytoplasm in ≥10% of the tumor cells was stained were considered positive. Intra-nuclear signals of the DNMT1 gene in at least 20 nuclei per case were quantified and the average was calculated. Statistical analyses for associations were performed using the Student’s t-test or the χ2 test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Immunostaining
Immunostaining results showed that DNMT1 and hMLH1 proteins were expressed in the nucleus, whereas E-cadherin was expressed in the membrane (Fig. 1). The expression of DMNT1 was observed even in normal tissue, with 50% of normal tissues evaluated as positive. Positive cases increased with tumor development and 92% of the cases in the carcinoma group demonstrated positivity. Expression of hMLH1 in the nucleus was observed in all the cases of normal tissue, while attenuated cases increased with tumor development and 32% of the cases in the carcinoma group were negative. Similar findings were obtained for E-cadherin, with 26% of the cases in the carcinoma group evaluated as negative (Fig. 2).
Figure 1.
Protein expression in carcinoma cases. (A) a, DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1)-positive; b, E-cadherin-positive and c, hMLH1-negative. (B) a, DNMT1-positive; b, E-cadherin-negative and c, hMLH1-positive. (C) a, DNMT1-negative; b, E-cadherin-positive and c, hMLH1-positive.
Figure 2.
Rates of abnormal protein expression in normal, hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma cases. DNMT1, DNA methyltransferase 1.
Tumor development was significantly associated with the expression of DNMT1 and hMLH1 (Table I). In addition, the expression of DNMT1 was significantly correlated with the expression of hMLH1 and E-cadherin (Table II). However, no significant correlation was observed with the carcinoma group (Table III). In addition, there were no cases negative for hMLH1 or E-cadherin among the DNMT1-negative cases, and none of the cases lacked hMLH1 and E-cadherin expression.
Table I.
Correlation between protein expression levels and tumor development.
| Protein expression | Cancerous (n) | Non-cancerous (n) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| hMLH1 | |||
| Positive | 28 | 26 | 0.0048 |
| Negative | 1 | 12 | |
| E-cadherin | |||
| Positive | 26 | 28 | 0.13 |
| Negative | 3 | 10 | |
| DNMT1 | |||
| Positive | 17 | 35 | 0.0023 |
| Negative | 12 | 3 |
DNMT1, DNA methyltransferase 1.
Table II.
Correlation among the expression levels of the three examined proteins.
| Protein expression | hMLH1
|
||
| Positive | Negative | P-value | |
|
| |||
| E-cadherin | |||
| Positive | 41 | 13 | 0.058 |
| Negative | 13 | 0 | |
|
| |||
| hMLH1
|
|||
| Positive | Negative | P-value | |
|
| |||
| DNMT1 | |||
| Positive | 39 | 13 | 0.031 |
| Negative | 15 | 0 | |
|
| |||
| E-cadherin
|
|||
| Positive | Negative | P-value | |
|
| |||
| DNMT1 | |||
| Positive | 39 | 13 | 0.031 |
| Negative | 15 | 0 | |
DNMT1, DNA methyltransferase 1.
Table III.
Correlation among the expression levels of the three examined proteins (carcinoma cases only).
| Protein expression | hMLH1
|
||
| Positive | Negative | P-value | |
|
| |||
| E-cadherin | |||
| Positive | 16 | 12 | 0.28 |
| Negative | 10 | 0 | |
|
| |||
| hMLH1
|
|||
| Positive | Negative | P-value | |
|
| |||
| DNMT1 | |||
| Positive | 23 | 12 | 0.22 |
| Negative | 3 | 0 | |
|
| |||
| DNMT1
|
|||
| Positive | Negative | P-value | |
|
| |||
| E-cadherin | |||
| Positive | 16 | 12 | 0.28 |
| Negative | 10 | 0 | |
DNMT1, DNA methyltransferase 1.
mRNA in situ hybridization
The expression of DNMT1 mRNA was examined using an ISH method (Fig. 3). DNMT1 mRNA was completely absent in all the normal cases, while only a few cases in the hyperplasia and atypical hyperplasia groups were positive. However, a high expression level was observed in carcinoma cases, 42% of which were positive (Fig. 4). In addition, a significant correlation between DNMT1 mRNA expression and attenuation of hMLH1 protein was observed (Table IV).
Figure 3.
The expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) mRNA. (A) Normal, (B) hyperplasia, (C) atypical hyperplasia and (D) carcinoma.
Figure 4.
Correlation between DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) mRNA and tumor development.
Table IV.
Correlation between tumor development, protein expression and DNMT1 mRNA.
| Protein expression | DNMT1 mRNA expression
|
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Negative | P-value | |
| Non-cancerous | 2 | 27 | 0.0082 |
| Cancerous | 8 | 11 | |
| hMLH1 | |||
| Positive | 5 | 34 | 0.012 |
| Negative | 5 | 4 | |
| DNMT1 | |||
| Positive | 8 | 26 | 0.7 |
| Negative | 2 | 12 | |
| E-cadherin | |||
| Positive | 10 | 31 | 0.32 |
| Negative | 0 | 7 | |
DNMT1, DNA methyltransferase 1.
Chromogenic DNA in situ hybridization
DNMT1 genetic amplification using the CISH method was also performed (Fig. 5) in each case, showing that the average number of signals increased with tumor development. The average number in normal, hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma cases was 1.97, 2.00, 2.28 and 2.83, respectively (Fig. 6). Furthermore, DNMT1 genetic amplification was found to be correlated with the expression of DNMT1 protein (Table V).
Figure 5.
Gene amplification of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) using the chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) method. (A) A normal case signal count was 2.1, (B) a hyperplasia case signal count was 2.3 and (C) a cancer case signal count was 3.9.
Figure 6.
Correlation between gene amplification of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and tumor progression.
Table V.
Correlation between gene amplification of DNMT1 and protein expression levels.
| Protein expression | N | Average of signals | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| hMLH1 | |||
| Positive | 39 | 2.34±0.66 | 0.37 |
| Negative | 9 | 2.57±0.64 | |
| E-cadherin | |||
| Positive | 41 | 2.34±0.60 | 0.30 |
| Negative | 7 | 2.63±0.92 | |
| DNMT1 | |||
| Positive | 34 | 2.47±0.74 | 0.041 |
| Negative | 14 | 2.17±0.27 | |
| mRNA | |||
| Positive | 10 | 2.81±0.91 | 0.10 |
| Negative | 38 | 2.28±0.53 |
DNMT1, DNA methyltransferase 1.
Discussion
In a previous study, we investigated the expression of DNMT1, an important protein in the maintenance of methylation, in relation to the expression of hMLH1 and E-cadherin, which is often observed in endometrioid carcinomas (6). In the present study, mRNA expression and gene amplification of DNMT1 were investigated, and results showed that they were increased with tumor development. These results suggest that DNMT1 mRNA expression and/or genetic amplification may be associated with excessive methylation in endometrial carcinomas.
DNMT1 was initially cloned in 1988 (2). Methylation is regarded as indispensable for life in animals, as mice die following DNMT1 gene removal (7). DNMT1 is developed during mitosis and methylation of the same locus is maintained throughout mitosis by DNMT1. In cases of bladder cancer, it has been reported that DNMT1 is developed in precancerous tissue around the carcinoma (8). In addition, the expression of DNMT1 has also been reported in chronic hepatitis (9,10) and ulcerative colitis (11). In the present study, DNMT1 expression was observed in half of the normal tissue samples, thus aberrant methylation may occur at a high frequency in the endometrium.
DNMT1 overexpression has been shown to be correlated with tumor development in a variety of types of malignant tumors, while DNMT1 expression in hepatoma (12) and pancreatic carcinoma (13) has been reported to be useful as an indicator of poor prognosis. In this study, the expression of DNMT1 was observed in most cases of endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Endometrial carcinomas are known to frequently occur in patients with Lynch syndrome, which is characterized by gene mutations such as hMLH1. None of the patients included in the study were confirmed to have Lynch syndrome, and most were thought to have sporadic cancer (14). Since DNMT1 was detected in most of the carcinoma cases included in the study, it is suggested that most of the tumors were developed by accumulation of methylation, unlike other types of tumors.
The attenuation of hMLH1 and E-cadherin in endometrial tissues was also investigated, and a correlation with DNMT1 expression was identified. Previous studies have shown that methylation of hMLH1 and E-cadherin occur at high frequency in endometrial cancer (3,15). Therefore, one of the causes of the attenuation of hMLH1 and E-cadherin may be methylation of the promoter part by DNMT1. We re-examined this correlation in the carcinoma group, however, the correlation was not significant, possibly due to the low number of cases examined.
DNMT1 mRNA expression was investigated using the ISH method. The expression was low in normal, hyperplasia and atypical hyperplasia tissues, while it was significantly high in the carcinoma cases in which DNMT1 mRNA was thought to have developed in a constant manner. mRNA expression was also significantly associated with the attenuation of hMLH1, albeit not with the attenuation of E-cadherin. Regarding the cause of attenuation of E-cadherin, various reasons were considered. For example, Snail, which functions as an inhibiting factor, has been considered to have an effect in addition to methylation (16). However, we consider that most of the attenuation of hMLH1 is caused by methylation of the promoter part, thus, indicating a significant association.
Furthermore, the condition of DNMT1 gene amplification in endometrial tissues was investigated using the CISH method, which has been rarely reported. It was observed that the DNMT1 gene was slightly amplified in relation to tumor development. In carcinoma cases, 3 or 4 signals were typically observed in each nucleus, while there were no cases with extensive gene amplification up to ∼10 to 20-fold, as often observed in cases of breast cancer. We considered that the minor amplification of DNA might accompany carcinogenesis. Since DNMT1 expression was found to be associated with DNMT1 gene amplification, it is possible that it is strengthened by gene amplification.
It was previously reported that DNMT1 expression does not only occur with proliferative activity (8). In the present study, we confirmed that there was no significant correlation between the expression of DNMT1 and Ki-67, the latter of which is utilized as a marker of proliferative activity (data not shown). As yet, aberration of proliferative activity in cancer has not been elucidated in detail. However, activation of DNMT1 is expected to be induced by a mechanism that is different from cell growth.
In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that methylation is associated with carcinogenesis in the endometrium. Although DNMT1 protein is expressed in normal endometrial tissue, a constant expression of DNMT1 mRNA contributes to cancerization. DNMT1 gene amplification is associated with DNMT1 protein expression, although that is only one of the causes of DNMT1 activation in tumor development, with genetic activation in the upper streams of DNMT1 thought to be another. Additional studies are required to investigate this correlation.
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