APOBEC |
Cytidine deamination of viral genome |
Vif mediated proteasomal degradation |
APOBEC3G induced mutations may promote evolution of HIV |
Modified APOBEC3G restricts HIV in T cells and macrophages [11] |
SAMHD1 |
dNTP triphosphohydrolase activity depletes dNTPs and prevents reverse transcription |
HIV-2 Vpx causes proteasomal degradation |
Antiviral function limited to quiescent cells |
Undefined |
Tetherin |
Prevents HIV release by anchoring budding virus particles |
Lysosomal degradation is promoted by Vpu |
Reduces, but does not abolish spread of virus.or establishment of reservoirs |
Vpu resistant tetherin in cell lines [12] |
TRIM5α/TRIMCyp |
Targets virus for proteasomal degradation and disrupts uncoating |
HIV-1 accessory proteins are unable to counteract TRIM restriction |
Species specific restriction; human TRIM5α does not restrict HIV-1 |
Chimeric TRIM5α and humanised TRIMCyp restriction demonstrated in humanised mice [13,14] |