Abstract
Although papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) has an excellent prognosis, certain cases exhibit aggressive clinical manifestations. In this study, we assessed the expression of E-cadherin and Ki-67 in primary PTMC tumors and metastatic lymph nodes, in order to investigate the mechanism underlying the mainly indolent but potentially malignant nature of PTMC. A total of 93 PTMC patients treated in our institute were included in this study. All primary tumors and 57 metastatic lymph nodes were immunohistochemically stained and a total of 73 tumors (78.5%) were positive for E-cadherin. E-cadherin expression was significantly less common at the invasive front (58.1%, P<0.01) compared to that at the center of the tumor. Tumors that had lost E-cadherin expression at the invasive front frequently presented with lymph node metastasis (70.6%). Small tumors (≤5 mm diameter) expressed E-cadherin significantly more frequently compared with larger tumors (P=0.04); however, no other particular characteristic was found to correlate with the status of E-cadherin expression in the primary tumors. E-cadherin expression was detected in 49 (86.0%) of the 57 metastatic foci and correlated significantly with the expression status at the invasive front of the tumor (P=0.02). The Ki-67 index was universally low and was not correlated with the clinicopathological characteristics or the E-cadherin expression of the tumors. These results suggested that cancer cells in the metastatic lymph nodes exhibit indolent characteristics, similar to those of the primary PTMC. However, the metastatic cancer cells may have already completed the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), suggesting an innate malignant potential.
Keywords: papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, E-cadherin, lymph node metastasis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition
Introduction
According to the World Health Organization classification system for thyroid tumors, papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) is defined as a papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) measuring ≤10 mm in its greatest dimension (1). The occurrence of PTMC is on the increase worldwide (2–4), along with the frequent application of neck ultrasonography (US) (5,6). PTMC is generally characterized by an indolent clinical course and has an excellent prognosis, with a disease-specific mortality of <0.5% (6). However, certain PTMC cases were found to be clinically aggressive (6,7). According to the observations of Sugitani et al (7), PTMC patients with bulky lymph node metastases or extrathyroidal invasion were at the highest risk for a cancer-specific fatal outcome. Those observations suggested that there is a group of PTMCs that have already acquired highly malignant potential. However, the basic mechanism underlying the development of aggressive characteristics in these tumors has not yet been identified.
The reported risk factors for PTMC recurrence were shown to be male gender (8,9), extent of primary surgery (10), presence of lymph node metastases at initial diagnosis (3,8–12), tumor multifocality (3,8,12) and capsular invasion (9,11–14). Furthermore, male gender, tumor multifocality and capsular invasion are considered to be risk factors characteristic of lymph node metastasis (13,15). Several studies reported that the presence of clinical lymph node metastasis in PTMC was one of the most important prognostic indicators, whereas others demonstrated that pathological lymph node metastasis identified following prophylactic dissection did not significantly affect patient prognosis. Pathological lymph node metastasis from PTMC was found in a range of 26–56% (15–20). The reason(s) for the difference between clinical and pathological lymph node metastasis have not been fully elucidated.
In Japan, thyroid function-preserving surgery with prophylactic lymph node dissection is considered to be the standard procedure for PTMC. Postoperative follow-up with surgeon-performed US, without radioactive iodine ablation (RIA) or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression, is widely applied as the standard management, due to the strict regulations on radioisotope use, the shortage of institutes that perform radioiodine therapy and the difficulties in restricting iodine intake in the daily diet (21). Therefore, we were able to enroll a number of PTMC patients who were diagnosed with pathological lymph node metastasis, with a long follow-up period.
The required steps for cancer cells to form metastases are escape from the primary tumor, active migration toward the vasculature and survival within the systemic circulation. To successfully undertake these steps, cancer cells may alter their characteristics from an epithelial- to a mesenchymal-like form (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; EMT) (22). E-cadherin is a well-known cellular adhesion molecule in epithelial cells and is known to be lost during the process of EMT. E-cadherin expression is commonly observed in differentiated thyroid cancer (23–27) and loss of its expression was reported to be an independent prognostic factor for these tumors (27).
In the present study, we investigated the expression of E-cadherin and Ki-67-index (markers for EMT and cell proliferation, respectively) in PTMC cases. The results demonstrated that loss of E-cadherin expression is correlated with lymph node metastasis, although re-expression of E-cadherin was commonly detected in the metastatic foci, without observed acceleration of proliferation, suggesting that the metastatic cancer cells in the lymph nodes exhibit basically indolent characteristics, with an innate malignant potential.
Patients and methods
Patients
A consecutive series of 93 patients with PTMC who were surgically treated in our institute between 2000 and 2010 was investigated (Table I). The patients with incidental cancer found following surgery or concomitant multiple lesions >1 cm in diameter were excluded from this study. All patients were diagnosed with PTC prior to surgery by fine-needle aspiration cytology. The postoperative pathological examination confirmed the absence of a poorly differentiated carcinoma component. The cases included 10 male and 83 female patients, with a median age of 55 years (range, 24–80 years). A total of 66, 5 and 22 patients underwent lobectomy, subtotal, or total thyroidectomy, respectively. All patients underwent lymph node dissection, including at least the central compartment. A total of 17 patients underwent therapeutic lateral lymph node dissection. Ipsilateral and bilateral compartment dissection was performed in 72 and 9 patients, respectively. Pathological nodal involvement was detected in 57 (61.3%) of the patients, 26 patients (28.0%) had nodal metastasis in the central compartment only and 31 (33.3%) had metastatic lymph nodes in the lateral compartment.
Table I.
Characteristics of the study population: patients with papillary microcarcinoma investigated.
| Category | No. of patients | % |
|---|---|---|
| Gender (male:female) | 10:83 | - |
| Age at operation, years | 24–80; median, 55 | - |
| Extent of surgery | ||
| Lobectomy | 66 | 71.0 |
| Subtotal Tx | 5 | 5.4 |
| Total Tx | 22 | 23.7 |
| Extent of dissection | ||
| Central | 12 | 12.9 |
| Lateral | ||
| Ipsilateral | 72 | 77.4 |
| Bilateral | 9 | 9.7 |
Tx, thyroidectomy.
RIA and TSH suppression were performed in 11 and 10 patients, respectively, including 1 patient with lung metastasis, whereas 6 patients received both treatments. All patients were followed-up at our institute for 30–136 months (median, 78 months) by annual US and thyroid function tests. Iodine scintigraphy or computed tomography were performed when considered necessary. Two patients had a recurrence in the lymph nodes at the ipsilateral submandibular compartment and required additional dissection. No other patients developed lymph node or distant metastases.
Immunohistochemistry
The 93 primary tumors and the metastatic lesions in the lymph nodes from 57 patients were immunohistochemically stained as described previously (28). Briefly, the specimens were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution and embedded in paraffin. The specimens were then cut in 4-μm sections and deparaffinized in xylene. The tissues were heated for 20 min at 105°C by autoclave in Target Retrieval solution (Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA). Following blocking of the endogenous peroxidase activity, the sections were incubated in normal goat serum. The M3612 and M7240 primary antibodies (DakoCytomation, Glostrup, Denmark) were used to detect E-cadherin and Ki-67, respectively. The tissue sections were incubated with each antibody for 60 min at room temperature or overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with a secondary antibody and treatment with streptavidin-peroxidase reagent [Histofine SAB-PO (M) kit; Nichirei, Tokyo, Japan]. Diaminobenzidine was added as a chromogen, followed by counterstaining with Mayer’s hematoxylin.
The specific immune reactivity of E-cadherin was detected on the membranous surface of the cancer cells. The membranous staining of the follicular cells in adjacent normal thyroid tissue was used as positive control. Positive staining was defined as >10% of the cancer cells showing specific immune reactivity at the center of the tumor. Seven tumors were surrounded by a thick fibrous capsule and the immune reactivity of E-cadherin at the invasive front was investigated in the remaining 86 tumors. The invasive front was defined as the interface (<0.1 cm) between the tumor and the adjacent non-neoplastic tissue (29).
The Ki-67 index was defined as the percentage of cancer cells with positive nuclear staining for Ki-67.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 13.0 statistical software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The Chi-squared test was used to compare the differences in the positivity rate for immunostaining and the clinicopathological factors and P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
A total of 73 of the 93 tumors (78.5%) exhibited specific membranous staining for E-cadherin (Fig. 1). E-cadherin expression was detected in the 12 smaller tumors (≤5 mm) and was significantly more commonly expressed in the smaller compared with the 81 larger tumors. There was no observed correlation between E-cadherin expression and gender, age, or other pathological factors, including nodal involvement (Table II).
Figure 1.
Representative results of E-cadherin immunostaining. (A) E-cadherin was commonly found to be expressed on the membranous surface of the cancer cells of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. (B) Approximately 20% of the cases were negative for E-cadherin expression. (C) E-cadherin expression was diminished at the invasive front in one-fourth of the E-cadherin-positive tumors. (D) E-cadherin was frequently expressed in the metastatic lesions in the lymph nodes.
Table II.
Association of clinicopathological characteristics of the patients with E-cadherin expression and Ki-67 index of the tumor.
| E-cadherin expression | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||
| Characteristics | n | (−) | (+) | % | P-value | Ki-67 index (%) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 10 | 1 | 9 | 90.0 | 0.317 | 1.19 |
| Female | 83 | 19 | 64 | 77.1 | 1.28 | |
| Age at operation, years | ||||||
| <45 | 23 | 7 | 16 | 69.6 | 0.230 | 1.44 |
| ≥45 | 70 | 13 | 57 | 81.4 | 1.21 | |
| Tumor diameter, mm | ||||||
| 1–5 | 12 | 0 | 12 | 100.0 | 0.044 | 1.67 |
| 6–10 | 81 | 20 | 61 | 75.3 | 1.29 | |
| Capsular invasion | ||||||
| Negative | 56 | 13 | 43 | 76.8 | 0.622 | 1.39 |
| Positive | 37 | 7 | 30 | 81.1 | 1.05 | |
| pT | ||||||
| 1a | 56 | 13 | 43 | 76.8 | 0.622 | 1.39 |
| 3 | 35 | 7 | 28 | 80.0 | 1.07 | |
| 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0.50 | |
| pN | ||||||
| 0 | 36 | 9 | 27 | 75.0 | 0.514 | 1.31 |
| 1a | 26 | 6 | 20 | 76.9 | 1.74 | |
| 1b | 31 | 5 | 26 | 83.9 | 0.88 | |
| M | ||||||
| 0 | 92 | 20 | 72 | 78.3 | 0.785 | 1.27 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 100.0 | - | |
| pStage | ||||||
| I | 39 | 11 | 28 | 71.8 | 0.181 | 1.24 |
| II | 1 | 0 | 1 | 100.0 | - | |
| III | 29 | 7 | 22 | 75.9 | 1.63 | |
| IV | 24 | 2 | 22 | 91.7 | 0.89 | |
| E-cadherin | ||||||
| Negative | - | - | - | - | - | 2.27 (1.00a) |
| Positive | - | - | - | - | 1.09 | |
| Total | 93 | 20 | 73 | 78.4 | 1.27 | |
When a case scored 15% it was excluded.
A total of 17 (25.4%) of the 67 evaluable E-cadherin-positive tumors had lost E-cadherin expression at the invasive front. By contrast, no E-cadherin-negative tumor gained its expression at the invasive front. Therefore, E-cadherin expression was significantly less commonly found at the invasive front compared to the center of the tumor (58.1%, P<0.01, Table III). Of the 17 patients with tumors that had lost E-cadherin expression at the invasive front, 12 (70.6%) presented with nodal involvement. This frequency of nodal involvement was higher compared to that in cases that retained E-cadherin expression at the invasive front (28/50; 56.0%) or had not expressed E-cadherin in the primary tumor (11/19; 57.9%).
Table III.
E-cadherin expression in the tumor and comparison of expression at the center with that at the invasive front of the tumor.
| At the invasive front | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||
| At the center | Negative (%) | Positive (%) | Subtotal (%) | Encapsulated tumors | Total (%) |
| Negative | 19 | 0 | 19 | 1 | 20 (21.5) |
| Positive | 17 | 50 | 67 | 6 | 73 (78.5) |
| Total | 36 (41.9) | 50 (58.1) | 86 (100) | 7 | 93 (100) |
E-cadherin expression was frequently found in the metastatic foci in the involved lymph nodes (49 of 57 nodes, 86.0%). Ten of the 11 cases with E-cadherin-negative tumors exhibited E-cadherin expression in the metastatic foci in the involved lymph nodes. There was no correlation between the E-cadherin expression status at the center of the primary tumor and that at the metastatic foci. However, there was a positive correlation between the E-cadherin expression status at the invasive front and that at the metastatic foci (P=0.024, Table IV). A total of 8 lymph node metastatic foci did not express E-cadherin. Although one of these lesions recurred in the neck, no remarkable clinical characteristics were observed in the other cases. Five of these 8 cases (62.5%) exhibited loss of E-cadherin expression at the invasive front of the primary tumor. The rate of E-cadherin-negative metastatic foci was significantly higher among cases in which the tumor had lost E-cadherin expression at the invasive front compared to those in which its expression at the invasive front of the primary tumor was retained (Table V, P<0.005).
Table IV.
Correlation between E-cadherin expression in the tumor and that in the metastatic foci in the involved lymph nodes.
| In the metastatic lymph nodes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||
| In the primary tumor | Negative (%) | Positive (%) | Total (%) | P-value |
| At the center | 8 (14.0) | 49 (86.0) | 57 (100) | |
| Negative | 1 | 10 | 11 (19.3) | 0.538 |
| Positive | 7 | 39 | 46 (80.7) | |
| At the invasive front | 8 (14.0) | 49 (86.0) | 57 (100) | |
| Negative | 6 | 17 | 23 (40.3) | 0.024 |
| Positive | 1 | 28 | 29 (50.9) | |
| Encapsulated | 1 | 4 | 5 (8.8) | |
Table V.
Correlation between loss of E-cadherin expression at the invasive front of the tumor and at the metastatic foci in the involved lymph nodes.
| In the primary tumor | In the metastatic lymph nodes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||
| At the center | At the invasive front | Negative (%) | Positive (%) | Total (%) |
| Negative | Negative | 1 | 10 | 11 (19.3) |
| Positive | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Positive | Negative | 5a | 7 | 12 (21.1) |
| Positive | 1 | 28 | 29 (50.9) | |
| Encapsulated | 1 | 4 | 5 (8.8) | |
| Total | 8 (41.9) | 49 (58.1) | 57 (100) | |
Significantly more common (P<0.005) vs. E-cadherin-positive primary tumor at the invasive front.
The Ki-67 index ranged between 0 and 15% in the tumors, with only one primary tumor scoring >5%. Thus, the Ki-67 index was almost universally ≤5% in the tumors and did not demonstrate any significant differences according to the clinicopathological characteristics of the patients or the E-cadherin expression of the tumors (Table II). There was no difference in the Ki-67 index at the invasive front (mean ± standard deviation, 1.03±0.86%) compared to that at the center of the tumor (2.27±4.29%). The Ki-67 index in the metastatic foci was universally ≤3% (0.83±0.83%) (Fig. 2). Two cases that developed recurrence during the follow-up period did not exhibit high Ki-67 indices (<1%). The only patient with a Ki-67 index of 15% had a single 6 mm-diameter tumor, without capsular invasion (T1a, N1a, M0, stage III) and remains alive and disease-free for >5 years.
Figure 2.
Ki-67 index according to the site of investigation. The Ki-67 index was universally low. LN, LN, lymph node.
Discussion
Total thyroidectomy followed by RIA is often performed as initial treatment for patients with PTMC (8,30). However, there has been accumulating information justifying a less invasive treatment for PTMC, due to its excellent prognosis following less extensive surgery (4,16,17,31–33), or even observation without surgery (34,35). Indeed, only a few fatal PTMC cases have been recorded among a small proportion of high-risk patients. The optimal management strategy for patients with PTMC should be further investigated (32,36), as there is lack of sufficient information regarding the basic characteristics of PTMC.
In the present study, we detected frequent and stable expression of E-cadherin in PTMCs. These results are in accordance with those of previous studies investigating E-cadherin expression in PTCs of all stages (23–27). Certain studies demonstrated a correlation between the loss of E-cadherin expression and disease progression or poorer prognosis in PTC (27,29); however, the results of the present study did not verify the clinical significance of E-cadherin expression in PTMC. The majority of PTMCs exhibited low Ki-67 indices, suggesting a low level of proliferation. There were no cases with fatal outcome or highest-risk factors for cancer-specific mortality. However, it may be necessary to include aggressive PTMC cases in future studies, in order to determine the clinical significance of the loss of E-cadherin expression, although such cases are rare.
In a quarter of the cases with E-cadherin-positive tumors included in the present study, we observed a decrease in E-cadherin expression at the invasive front. This phenomenon was also reported by Liu et al (29) in larger PTCs. The authors of that study also demonstrated that E-cadherin loss was associated with a loss of cohesiveness and polarity, which was similar to our findings. These phenotypical and morphological changes are characteristic of EMT (29). Furthermore, we observed that the tumors that had lost E-cadherin expression at the invasive front, commonly presented with lymph node involvement, suggesting clinical characteristics of EMT. It is therefore indicated that, even in small PTMCs, the process of cancer cell dispersion has already been initiated and parts of the tumor may have acquired aggressive characteristics.
It was also observed that E-cadherin was frequently re-expressed in the cancer cells that formed metastatic foci in the involved lymph nodes. A similar observation was described as the ‘re-expression of E-cadherin’ in a previous study investigating PTC and follicular carcinoma of all stages (27). According to recent findings, this re-expression step of E-cadherin is considered to represent a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transformation (MET), the reversal of EMT. This phenotypical reversal is considered to be a step toward creating suitable conditions for cancer cells under which they may survive and form metastatic foci within an environment other than that of the primary site (37). Re-expression of E-cadherin in metastatic lymph nodes was commonly observed in patients with E-cadherin-negative primary PTMC in the present study, suggesting that MET is crucial for the formation of metastatic lesions. There was no upregulation of proliferative activity at the metastatic site, as demonstrated by the low Ki-67 indices in these cancer cells, indicating that the majority of the PTMC metastatic foci in the involved lymph nodes exhibited an indolent phenotype, similar to that of the primary site.
The loss of E-cadherin expression was one of several profiles that indicated phenotypical characteristics suggesting EMT in PTC (38). Several other factors are also known to be involved in this process (39). The expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in PTMC was shown to be associated with high proliferative potential and clinically aggressive characteristics (14). A previous study by Knauf et al (40) suggested that PTC with B-raf mutation has the potential to acquire aggressive characteristics through EMT by the stimulation of TGF-β. B-raf mutations are frequently found in PTMCs and are associated with distinctive morphology and aggressive behaviour (12,41).
It is hypothesized that a certain type of stimulation may irreversibly alter the phenotype of cancer cells when they have already acquired the ability to transform. RIA may be effective in eradicating cancer cells in metastatic lymph nodes, due to their characteristics regarding iodine uptake (42). However, the indication and efficacy of RIA in low-risk PTMC cases remains questionable (4,43). We still need to determine how indolent PTMC cells respond to stimulation inducing cell proliferation, by TSH or other factors that induce EMT, prior to the application of RIA in low-risk patients.
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that cancer cells in the metastatic lymph nodes exhibited indolent characteristics, similar to those of the primary PTMC. However, the metastatic cancer cells may have already completed the processes of EMT and MET, suggesting an innate malignant potential. Further studies are required to identify the trigger that initiates the change of indolent PTMC cancer cells to the aggressive phenotype.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Kakenhi no. 25461992).
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