Abstract
Purpose
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of CYP2D6 and UGT2B7 polymorphisms on tamoxifen (TAM) pharmacokinetics in Thai breast cancer patients.
Methods
Thai female breast cancer patients treated with TAM were included in the study. Patients were genotyped for CYP2D6 and UGT2B7 polymorphism, and plasma levels of TAM and its potent active metabolite endoxifen (END), at steady state, were identified.
Results
Fifty-nine female breast cancer patients were included in the study. The average age was 50 ± 9.3 years old; 76% were premenopausal and 85% had estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. The allele frequencies of CYP2D6*10 and UGT2B7*2 were 53% and 28%, respectively. Patients with CYP2D6*10/*10 had lower END concentrations compared with CYP2D26*1/*10 and CYP2D6*1/*1 (9.62 ng/mL versus 15.67 ng/mL and 21.55 ng/mL, respectively, P = 0.045). Polymorphisms of UGT2B7 alone did not have any impact on TAM metabolism. However, among 20 patients with CYP2D6*10/*10, one with UGT2B7*2/*2 had higher END concentrations compared against patients with UGT2B7*1/*1 and UGT2B7*1/*2 (31.36 ng/mL versus 7.86 ng/mL, respectively, P = 0.023).
Conclusion
Results from this study confirmed the impacts of CYP2D6 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of TAM, while UGT2B7 polymorphisms tended to have impact on TAM metabolism in patients with homozygous CYP2D6*10.
Keywords: tamoxifen, pharmacogenomics, CYP2D6, UGT2B7, breast cancer
Introduction
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among females and the leading cause of cancer-related death.1 About two-thirds of patients with BC are classified as estrogen receptor (ER) positive, with tumor growth stimulated by estrogen. Adjuvant hormonal therapy reduces almost half of BC recurrence. In postmenopausal BC patients, aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are the preferred option, while in pre- and peri-menopausal patients, whose ovaries still retain the function of estrogen production, tamoxifen (TAM) is almost the only choice.2
TAM is a pro-drug that is metabolized to produce active metabolites, of which 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen, or endoxifen (END), is the most potent. The biotransformation of TAM to END is processed through cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. CYP2D6 is the most important enzyme for the hydroxylation reactions, while UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are important for increasing the solubility and facilitating the excretion of TAM and its metabolites.2–4
There is high inter-individual variation among patients receiving TAM treatment, with recurrence of BC after adjuvant hormonal treatment at 30%–50%. Multiple factors contribute to the failure of TAM treatment; one of the most important factors is polymorphism in the drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for TAM metabolism. The CYP2D6 gene is a highly polymorphic gene. More than 60 functional variants currently identified have resulted in abolished, decreased, normal, and ultrarapid enzyme activities. CYP2D6*4 and *5 are the most important null alleles, while CYP2D6*10, *17 and *41 are the most common for severely reduced enzyme activity.5–10 There are differences in the prevalence of variant alleles among ethnic groups. Caucasians are likely to contain more non-functional CYP2D6*4 alleles (12%–21% versus <5% in Asians), while prevalence of reduced function CYP2D6*10 alleles is much higher among Asians (approximately 50%).8,10–14 In Thais, prevalence of CYP2D6 poor metabolizers was about 1%, while the allele frequency of CYP2D6*10 was comparable to other Asian populations, such as Japanese, Korean, and Chinese.10–14
Several studies have reported an association between the CYP2D6 genotypes and clinical outcomes in women treated with adjuvant TAM. Evidence from two studies suggested that women with reduced function CYP2D6 who were treated with TAM had a significantly shorter time for recurrence and recurrence-free survival (but not overall survival).15–17 Borges et al reported that patients with heterozygous reduced function (eg, CYP2D6*10) and null function (eg, CYP2D6*4) alleles had lower END concentrations.18 This indicated the importance of comprehensive CYP2D6 genotyping in variability of END plasma concentrations.
TAM and its metabolites, including END, are eliminated by glucuronidation. In vitro studies have shown that UGT2B7 is the major hepatic enzyme involved in the O-glucuronidation of the trans isomers of 4-OH-TAM and END.19 From an in vitro study, the UGT2B7268Tyr (*2) variant exhibited a significant 2- and 5-fold decrease in activity against the trans isomers of 4-OH-TAM and END, respectively. These results suggested that functional polymorphisms in TAM-metabolizing UGTs, including UGT2B7 and, potentially, UGT1A8, may be important in inter-individual variability in TAM metabolisms.
Ethnic differences have also been found in polymorphisms of UGT2B7 C802T (His268Tyr).20 Results from a study of 91 Australians demonstrated a 25% proportion of *2/*2 genotypes, whereas a Japanese study revealed only 5% of UGT2B7*2/*2.21 Among Thais, the most frequent variant was CYP2D6*10 (approximately 60–70%), which did not differ from other reports on Asian populations.22–24 However, the prevalence of UGT2B7*2 in Thais was not known. Moreover, there has been no study on the impact of UGT2B7 polymorphisms on TAM metabolism among Thai BC patients. Our study is the first investigation that intends to evaluate the effects of different polymorphisms of CYP2D6 and UGT2B7 on the pharmacokinetics of TAM; the study is conducted in Thai BC patients.
Patients and methods
This observational study was conducted from February 2011–January 2012 at the Outpatient Department at Pramongkutkloa Hospital. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Royal Thai Army Medical Department, and informed consent was obtained from each participant. We hypothesized that polymorphisms of both CYP2D6 and UGT2B7 genes would impact the pharmacokinetics of TAM. Therefore, to validate such a hypothesis, plasma concentrations of TAM and END among patients with different genotypes needed to be obtained for this study.
Patients
Patients who were prescribed TAM as hormonal therapy for BC, and who returned for follow-up at the Outpatient Department at Pramongkutklao Hospital, were approached by investigators to participate in this study. Patients were interviewed by investigators for their demographic details as well as TAM administration, adherence to the TAM treatment regimen, and experience of TAM adverse effects. Other treatments for their underlying diseases, as well as other concomitant complementary and alternative medicines used with TAM, were also recorded. The medical records from each patient were reviewed extensively by the research team, for recording the relevant clinical data.
BC patients were eligible for the study if they met the following criteria: (1) currently on TAM 20 mg once daily for at least six weeks; (2) age ≥20 years old; (3) normal liver function (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase ≤ 2 × UNL); (4) normal renal function (serum creatinine <1.2 mg/dL); and (5) agreed to participate in the study by signing the consent form. Patients who used concomitant drugs that affect (inhibit or induce) CYP2D6, and those who did not comply with the time schedule of TAM administration, were excluded from the study.
Blood sampling and analysis of TAM and END
At the Outpatient Department, patients’ blood samples were collected using EDTA tubes. DNA was afterwards collected from a Buffy coated layer. All samples were stored at −20°C until analysis. Plasma concentrations of TAM and END were determined by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), using a fluorescence detector with minor modifications from Zhu’s group.25 In brief, 1 mL of plasma was added to mexilitine as an internal standard, then 1.5 mL of acetonitrile was used for protein precipitation. A quantity of 1 mL of supernatant was transferred to the clear ampoule and left in an ultraviolet lamp hood at a wavelength of 375 nm for 20 minutes, and then 20 microliters of sample were injected into the HPLC column. HPLC was accomplished by using an Agilent 1200 series liquid chromatography system (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with a binary pump, online degasser, autosampler, column heater, and fluorescence detector. An Agilent Zorbax Extend-C18 chromatography column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 microns), in HPLC condition, consisted of 1% triethanolamine (aqueous solution pH: 11; methanol: 18:82 v/v). The system was run at a flow rate of 1.1 mL/min with the column temperature controlled at 35°C. The fluorescence detector was set at an excitation wavelength of 260 nm and emission wavelength of 375 nm. The retention times for TAM, END and internal standard were 16, 3.8 and 2.5 minutes, respectively.
Genotyping of CYP2D6 and UGT2B7
QIAamp DNA Mini Kits (Qiagen, Bangkok, Thailand) were used to extract genomic DNA from the leukocyte portion of whole blood. DNA samples were genotyped for variant alleles of CYP2D6*10 (100C>T; rs1065852) and UGT2B7*2 (802C>T; rs7439366). The reaction mixtures contained TaqMan® Drug Metabolism Genotyping Assay Mix (Invitrogen™, Carlsbad, CA, USA), TaqMan® Universal PCR Master Mix, No AmpErase® UNG, DNase-Free Water Assays, and Master Mix for allele determination. Real-time polymerase chain reaction processes were done using a StepOnePlus™ Real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems®, Foster City, CA, USA).
Statistical analyses
All data analyses were performed using SPSS v 17.0 statistical software for Windows (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The independent t-test and ANOVA (analysis of variance) were used for data with normal distribution, while the Mann–Whitney U test and/or Kruskal–Wallis test were used for comparison of END and TAM plasma concentrations among the different genotypes, in case data were not in normal distribution. A two-sided P-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant for all analyses.
Results
Fifty nine BC patients were included in the study. Their average age was 50 ± 9.3 years old, and their average weight, height, body mass index, and body surface area were, 58.3 ± 9.8 kg, 156.6 ± 5.5 cm, 22.8 ± 3.8 kg/m2, and 1.56 m2, respectively. Most patients were in their forties (24 cases, 40.7%). The majority were early stage BC cases (70% of cases had T1 and T2 tumor stage, and 50% did not have node involvement). Most of the patients (86%) were ER-positive BC. The duration of TAM treatment was in the range of 1.5–79 months (median: 26 months). The patients’ characteristics are given in Table 1.
Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Patient characteristic | Mean ± SD (% patients) |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 50 ± 9.3 |
| Body mass index | 22.8 ± 3.8 kg/m2 |
| Estrogen receptor status | |
| Positive | 51 (86.4) |
| Negative | 4 (6.8) |
| Unknown | 4 (6.8) |
| Progesterone receptor status | |
| Positive | 50 (84.7) |
| Negative | 7 (11.9) |
| Unknown | 2 (3.4) |
| HER-2 | |
| Positive | 5 (8.5) |
| Negative | 45 (76.3) |
| Unknown | 5 (8.5) |
| Menopausal status | |
| Pre/peri-menopause | 45 (76.3) |
| Post-menopause | 14 (23.7) |
| TNM stage | |
| T1 | 24 (40.6) |
| T2 | 18 (30.5) |
| T3 | 4 (6.8) |
| T4 | 3 (5.1) |
| N0 | 33 (55.9) |
| N1 | 7 (11.9) |
| N2 | 9 (15.3) |
| M0 | 56 (94.9) |
| M1 | 4 (6.8) |
| Unknown | 10 (16.9) |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; HER-2, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2
Prevalence of CYP2D6 and UGT2B7 genotypes
CYP2D6*10 and UGT2B7*2 allele frequencies and the distribution of genotypes of both genes are shown in Table 2. The frequencies of both CYP2D10 and UGT2B7 were within the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.
Table 2.
Genotype frequency of CYP2D6 and UGT2B7
| Allele frequency (%) | Genotype n (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CYP2D6 | *1 | *10 | *1/*1 | *1/*10 | *10/*10 |
| 47 | 53 | 16 (27.1) | 23 (39) | 20 (33.9) | |
| UGT2B7 | *1 | *2 | *1/*1 | *1/*2 | *2/*2 |
| 72 | 28 | 31 (52.5) | 23 (39) | 5 (8.5) | |
Plasma concentrations of TAM and END among different genotypes
Ranges of TAM and END plasma concentration were 28.12–714.56 ng/mL and 1.88–66.15 ng/mL, respectively, which indicated a large inter-individual variation of TAM metabolism among Thai BC patients. Polymorphisms of CYP2D6 showed impacts on the pharmacokinetics of TAM, through significant differences in plasma concentrations of TAM and END. Patients with the variant allele CYP2D6*10 had higher TAM and lower END plasma concentrations. Plasma concentrations of TAM and END among different CYP2D6 genotypes are shown in Table 3. Polymorphisms of UGT2B7 alone did not show any impact on TAM metabolism. However, the subgroup of homozygous CYP2D6*10, patients with homozygous UGT2B7*2, tended to have higher END plasma concentrations, as shown in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. The impact of UGT2B7*2 on END plasma concentrations was regarded as significant when comparing patients with homozygous UGT2B7*2 and those with at least one full functioning allele of UGT2B7*1, as shown in Table 6.
Table 3.
TAM and END concentrations in different CYP2D6 genotypes
| Plasma concentration (ng/mL) | CYP2D6*1/*1 (n = 16) | CYP2D6*1/*10 (n = 23) | CYP2D6*10/*10 (n = 20) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TAMa | 323.6 ± 79.8 | 336.3 ± 151.1 | 437.3 ± 161.2 | 0.027* |
| ENDb | 21.55 | 15.67 | 9.62 | 0.045# |
Notes:
Mean
median (END concentrations were reported as median due to the non-normal distribution of data)
P-value as ANOVA test
P-value as Kruskal–Wallis test.
Abbreviations: TAM, tamoxifen; END, endoxifen; ANOVA, analysis of variance.
Table 4.
TAM and END concentrations in different UGT2B7 genotypes
| Plasma concentration (ng/mL) | UGT2B7*1/*1 (n = 31) | UGT2B7*1/*2 (n = 23) | UGT2B7*2/*2 (n = 5) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TAMa | 362.3 ± 158.8 | 360.5 ± 130.0 | 427.3 ± 153.3 | 0.613 |
| ENDb | 14.12 | 15.33 | 28.74 | 0.503 |
Notes:
Mean
median (END concentrations were reported as median due to the non-normal distribution of data).
Abbreviations: TAM, tamoxifen; END, endoxifen.
Table 5.
TAM and END concentrations in subgroup of CYP2D6*10/*10 with different UGT2B7 genotypes
| Plasma concentration (ng/mL) | UGT2B7*1/*1 (n = 8) | UGT2B7*1/*2 (n = 9) | UGT2B7*2/*2 (n = 3) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TAMa | 395.7 ± 172.8 | 311.7 ± 95.7 | 410.8 ± 136.1 | 0.376 |
| ENDb | 9.11 | 7.86 | 31.36 | 0.073# |
Notes:
Mean
median (END concentrations were reported as median due to the non-normal distribution of data)
P-value as Kruskal–Wallis test.
Abbreviations: TAM, tamoxifen; END, endoxifen.
Table 6.
END concentrations in subgroup of CYP2D6*10/*10 with homozygous and heterozygous UGT2B7*1 versus homozygous UGT2B7*2 genotypes
| Plasma concentration (ng/mL) | UGT2B7*1/*1 and UGT2B7*1/*2 (n = 17) | UGT2B7*2/*2 (n = 3) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| TAMa | 426.8 ± 164.0 | 496.8 ± 159.7 | 0.504 |
| ENDb | 7.86 | 31.36 | 0.023 |
Notes:
Mean
median (END concentrations were reported as median due to the non-normal distribution of data); P-value as Mann–Whitney U test.
Abbreviations: TAM, tamoxifen; END, endoxifen.
Discussion
The findings reported in this study are similar to those of many other studies,27–29,31 for the allelic frequency of CYP2D6 polymorphism *10 (which indicated decreased enzyme activity). Our results were comparable with those from other studies of Thai and Asian populations. We found that most of our patients (33%) had the homozygous variant CYP2D6*10/*10, similar to the results of Sirachainan et al26 and Pechatanan et al,23 who found the homozygous variant CYP2D6*10/*10 in 55% and 42% of BC patients, respectively. The main objective of these studies was to elucidate on the impacts of CYP2D6 polymorphisms on clinical outcomes. However, none of them reported any impact from CYP2D6 on the plasma concentrations of TAM and END. Our results were similar to Jin et al,27 who reported statistically lower concentrations of END in patients with the homozygous variant (Vt/Vt) CYP2D6*4 (20.0 nM/mL) as compared to patients with the heterozygous variant (Wt/Vt) and homozygous wild type (Wt/Wt) (43.1 and 78.0 nM/mL, respectively). Also, the findings are similar to those of Madlensky et al,28 who also reported that END concentrations in poor metabolizers were only 5.6 ng/mL, compared to 8.1, 15.9, and 22.8 ng/mL in intermediate, extensive, and ultra-extensive metabolizers, respectively. The results from TAM dose adjustment, based on patients’ genotype by Kiyatoni et al,29 additionally demonstrated a similar pattern. Before the dosing adjustment, all patients received TAM 20 mg/day; the END concentration for patients with the CYP2D6 genotype *1/*10 was 15 ng/mL, compared to 10 ng/mL in patients with CYP2D6*10/*10 (P < 0.001). In our study, we found the highest END plasma concentrations in patients with homozygous CYP2D6*1/*1 (21.55 ng/mL). Lower END plasma concentrations were found in heterozygous CYP2D6*1/*10 (15.67 ng/mL), and the lowest concentration in homozygous CYP2D6*10/*10 (9.62 ng/mL).
For the enzyme UGT, in this study we found the allele frequency of UGT2B7*2 to be 28%, which is similar to the results from a Japanese study.21 UGT enzymes are mainly responsible for TAM and END excretion via glucuronidation. It was hypothesized that UGT polymorphisms should result in differences in TAM and END concentration among patients with different UGT polymorphisms. To date, there have been many studies reporting the impacts of CYP2D6 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of TAM. However, there are few reports that indicate no impact of UGT2B7 on the pharmacokinetics of TAM, as well as some reports revealing no relationship between the polymorphism of UGT2B7 and clinical outcomes of TAM-treated patients.30–32 To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to report the impact of UGT2B7 polymorphisms on TAM, in terms of differences in TAM and END plasma concentrations. Although we did not confirm the impact of UGT2B7 polymorphism in all BC patients, in patients with impaired CYP2D6 function, by containing the homozygous CYP2D6*10/10 allele, UGT2B7 polymorphism was shown to impact the metabolism of TAM and END. The 20 patients with homozygous reduced function CYP2D6*10, along with homozygous UGT2B7*2, had higher END plasma concentrations (31.36 ng/mL), compared against patients with the least full-functioning UGT2B7*1 (7.86 ng/mL). Even though the number of patients in this subgroup was small, our results indicated a slight trend that the polymorphisms of both genes could explain the differences in TAM metabolism among BC patients. Further studies with a larger number of patients are needed to evaluate the effects of UGT2B7 polymorphisms, especially in patients with poor or impaired function of the enzyme CYP2D6.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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