Table 3.

Changes in palmitoylethanolamide levels during neuroinflammation

Disease; tissue or body fluid	Change	Main finding	References
Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis; spinal cord	↑	∼Twofold increase	143
Experimental acute stroke; striatal and cortical infarcted hemisphere	↑	∼25-fold increase compared with controlateral (non-infarcted) areas	144
Experimental focal cerebral ischaemia; ischaemic cerebral cortex	↑	25-fold increase compared with sham-operated animals, at 24 hr post-focal cerebral ischaemia	138
Cerebral ischaemia in man; penumbral tissue surrounding the primary ischaemic lesion (microdialysis study)	↑	Significantly increased levels within the first day after ischaemia	145
Chronic migraine or probable chronic migraine and probable analgesic-overuse headache; cerebrospinal fluid	↑	Significantly higher levels in the two patient groups (without significant difference between them) compared with control subjects	146
Chronic widespread pain and chronic neck–shoulder pain in women; microdialysis dialysate of the trapezius	↑	Significantly higher levels compared to healthy subjects, and correlation with pain intensity	142