Abstract
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic, progressive disease and is treated with inhaled medication to optimize the patient’s lung health through decreasing their symptoms, especially breathlessness. Halotherapy is the inhalation of micronized dry salt within a chamber that mimics a salt cave environment. Recent media reports suggest that this therapy may help with the symptoms of COPD.
Objective
To critically evaluate and summarize the evidence for the use of halotherapy as a treatment for COPD.
Design
A review using systematic approach and narrative synthesis.
Data sources
Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Google Scholar were searched. Two reviewers independently reviewed abstracts and selected eligible studies based on predetermined selection criteria.
Results
Of the 151 articles retrieved from databases and relevant reference lists, only one randomized controlled trial met the inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis was unable to be conducted due to the limited number of published studies. Inclusion criteria were subsequently expanded to allow three case-control studies to be included, ensuring that a narrative synthesis could be completed. From the pooled data of the four studies, there were 1,041 participants (661 in the intervention group and 380 in the control group). The assessment of methodological quality raised issues associated with randomization and patient selection. Three themes were identified from the narrative synthesis: respiratory function, quality of life, and medication use.
Conclusion
Themes generated from the narrative synthesis data reflect outcome measures regularly used for interventional research associated with COPD. From this review, recommendations for inclusion of halotherapy as a therapy for COPD cannot be made at this point and there is a need for high quality studies to determine the effectiveness of this therapy.
Keywords: salt therapy, speleotherapy, lung disease, aerosol, chronic disease, salt cave
Introduction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic, progressive disease with symptoms of dyspnea, increased respiration rate, sputum production, and a reduced exercise intolerance.1 In 2008, the World Health Organization estimated that COPD was the tenth most prevalent cause for moderate to severe disability,2 and was the fourth leading cause of death, worldwide.3 With this significant burden, the impact of this disease on individuals, families’ quality of life, and the associated health care expense, COPD is recognized as an international health priority.1,3,4
COPD is managed with inhaled medication with the view to optimize the patient’s pulmonary function and reduce symptoms. Pulmonary rehabilitation is recommended for those patients with Medical Research Council dyspnea score of 3 or more1 as there is substantial evidence of its benefit to these patients.5,6 However, other therapies such as speleotherapy and halotherapy are being recommended in the wider community7 and are often described as well-researched treatments for people with COPD.8 In Eastern Europe, natural salt caves have been used to help relieve symptoms of chest conditions.9 This therapy is known as speleotherapy, where a natural salt cave climate is used as a therapy for ill health.10 The unique characteristics of the microclimate within the caves are stable air temperature, moderate to high humidity, the presence of fine aerosol elements (sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium), as well as a lack of airborne pollutants and pollens.11 Halotherapy builds on this premise and is used as an above-ground alternative for speleotherapy.12 Halotherapy is a treatment consisting of inhalation of small salt particles in a controlled environment of a halochamber.11,12 This room is designed to replicate the natural microclimate of a salt cave. Halotherapy treatment has been associated with relief of respiratory conditions such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, and COPD, as well as relieving integumentary conditions such as eczema and dermatitis.9,11 A recent study of bronchiectasis patients found halotherapy to be of little benefit.13 Despite these findings, there appears to be an increasing number of commercial halotherapy treatment centers in Australia, the United States of America, Europe, and Canada that are aimed at treating respiratory and other medical conditions.
Halotherapy has received prominent television media coverage in Australia from Channel 9’s A Current Affair8,14,15 and Channel 7’s Today Tonight7,16 and abroad from Cable Network News’ Vital Signs,17 as well as from other television program providers such as the British Broadcasting Corporation18 and the National Broadcasting Corporation.19 National and international media current affair and news reports14–16,19 suggest that halotherapy may help with a variety of respiratory illnesses including relieving the symptoms of COPD. The assertion behind these reports is that inhaled dry salt therapy may assist people with COPD by increasing the liquefaction of airway secretions, which, in turn, enhances the expectoration of airway mucous secretions. With the increase in the commercial availability of halotherapy as an alternative complementary treatment, it is timely to undertake a review of this therapy for COPD to appraise the evidence for the complementary therapy. An extensive search of a number of databases did not identify any published systematic reviews that assessed halotherapy as an intervention for people with COPD. Therefore, this review sought to investigate halotherapy as a therapeutic intervention for people with COPD to determine the effectiveness of this therapy.
Methods
Search strategy and selection criteria
A search of electronic databases was conducted from January 2013 to February 2013. The electronic databases searched were the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. The literature review search strategy (Supplementary material) used a combination of MeSH terms found in the title and/or abstract for halotherapy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the following search terms were used: COPD; chronic bronchitis; emphysema; halotherapy; halochamber; speleotherapy; spelaeotherapy; cave; salt mine; potash mine; vital air room; climate chamber; saltpipe; and sopipa. Reference lists in retrieved papers were hand-searched for other possible studies. All prospective randomized controlled trials were included where trials compared halotherapy or speleotherapy with a control group. Abstract and full text articles that were not in English were excluded. After abstracts were retrieved, two reviewers applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Full text articles were subsequently obtained and reviewed by two independent reviewers (RR and SMSS) (Table 1). A third reviewer (NJR) was the arbiter should any disagreement regarding the inclusion of articles occur.
Table 1.
Summary of included review articles
| Article | Aim | Sample | Method | NHMRC level of evidence | Major findings | Strengths and limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nurov (2010)24 | To assess the immunological features of COPD patients after speleotherapy | One hundred twenty-four participants randomized into two groups. Treatment group 103 participants (60 male, 43 female) and control group 25 participants (14 male, 11 female). | Randomized control trial. Immunological studies at time one (before treatment), at time two (after treatment), and time three (6 months after treatment). | II | Increase in concentration subpopulations in all studied lymphocytes, normalization and correlation of subpopulations of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, and increase in neutrophil phagocytosis activity. Overall immune status improvement in 97.8% of treatment group and 67.5% of control group. | One treatment facility. Moderate sample size. Randomization unblinded. Unequal chance of allocation. Recruitment strategy not identified. Nil ethical considerations. Patients’ clinical status not reported. |
| Chervinskaya and Ziber (1995)11 | To assess the effect of halotherapy on various types of respiratory diseases | Treatment group – 124 participants, 54 males, 70 females, mean age 34.3±2.5 years. Control group – 15 participants not described. | Prospective case-control study. Lung function studies before and after trial. | III-2 | After treatment – decreased bronchial obstruction, decreased medication use, and increase in FVC, FEV1, PEF. Participants slept better, decreased fatigue. Cough became less frequent, easier, and more productive. | One treatment facility. Moderate sample size. Recruitment strategy not identified. Many respiratory diseases grouped together. Nil ethical considerations reported. Control group not adequately described before or after treatment. |
| Oprita et al (2010)23 | To assess the effects of halotherapy on patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Two hundred four participants (61% males, mean age 64 years) received standard treatment and SALTMED treatment. One hundred eighty-nine received only standard treatment (64% males, mean age 59 years). | Retrospective case-control study. Respiratory characteristics reported before treatment and 1 hour after treatment. | III-2 | Respiratory rate, SaO2, PaO2, and PaCO2 were all significantly improved in the group receiving the standard treatment in combination with the SALTMED treatment as compared to the group receiving only the standard treatment. | One treatment facility. Large sample size. Only short term results, no longer term follow up. Asthma and COPD results reported together. |
| Horvath (1986)10 | To examine whether a stay in a cave microclimate could further improve respiratory symptoms of patients with COPD or bronchial asthma | One hundred fifty-one participants – (89 males, 62 females, mean age 46 years, 101 participants with chronic bronchitis, 50 with bronchial asthma) treatment with climatotherapy. Two hundred thirty participants – (137 males, 93 females, mean age 49 years, 141 participants had chronic bronchitis, 89 had bronchial asthma) treatment was CRR consisting of speleotherapy in combination with rest, breathing exercises and relaxation training. | Retrospective case-control study. Clinical state reported as improved, unchanged, or deteriorated. Medication request dosage changes before and after3 weeks of treatment. Mean FEV1 before and after treatment. | III-2 | Clinical state improved in group receiving CRR compared to 72.8% receiving climatotherapy. For patients receiving CRR, FEV1 improved from 1,468±631 mL to 1,676±706 mL compared to the patients receiving climatotherapy FEV1 who improved from 1,638±613 mL to 1,666±684 mL. | One treatment facility. Large sample size. Asthma and COPD results reported together. Initial clinical state of group receiving CRR was more severe than group receiving climatotherapy. |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRR, complex respiratory rehabilitation; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; PaCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood; PaO2, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood; PEF, peak expiratory flow; SALTMED, saline inhalation; SaO2, oxygen saturation.
Quality assessment
The methodological quality of the selected articles was assessed by two reviewers (RR and SMSS) using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) methodology quality checklists for controlled trials and case-control studies (Table 2).20 These checklists were used to assess issues pertinent to well-conducted randomized controlled trials and case-control studies. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane classification with four criteria: sequence generation; allocation concealment; blinding; and incomplete outcome measurement.21 Any disagreements regarding risk of bias were resolved through discussions between the reviewers and the arbiter (RR, SMSS, NJR).
Table 2.
Methodological assessment of included articles
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Q10 | Q11 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized controlled trial | Aims | Randomization | Concealment | Double blinding | Similar TG and CG | Treatment is the only difference between TG and CG | Outcome measured in standard, valid, reliable way | Drop out percentage | Intention to treat analysis | Results comparable for all sites | − | Overall acceptability (++, +, −) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Nurov (2010)24 | ✓ | ✓ | Unable to report | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Not reported | ✓ | N/A | + | |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Case-control studies | Aims | Comparable populations | Consistent exclusion criteria | Percentage of cases and controls | Comparison of cases and controls | Clearly defined cases | Clearly defined controls | Concealment | Outcome measured in standard, valid, reliable way | Address possibility of confounding factors | Confidence intervals provided | Overall acceptability (++, +, −) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Chervinskaya and Ziber (1995)11 | ✓ | Unable to report | Unable to report | Unable to report | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | Unable to report | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | − |
| Oprita et al (2010)23 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Unable to report | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Retrospective case-control study | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ++ |
| Horvath (1986)10 | ✓ | ✓ | Unable to report | Unable to report | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Retrospective case-control study | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | + |
Note: Overall acceptability is indicated by (−) unacceptable, (+) acceptable, and (++) excellent.
Abbreviations: Q, question number; CG, control group; TG, treatment group.
Data abstraction
The search revealed 151 published abstracts after excluding the duplicates. The abstracts were screened using the selection criteria and 150 articles were excluded. The flow diagram of the selection process is illustrated in Figure 1. Only one randomized study met the inclusion criteria; therefore, it was not possible to undertake the meta-analysis. The inclusion criteria were expanded and a further three case-control trials were included. A number of commentary papers were excluded. The two reviewers (RR and SMSS) were in agreement for the studies to be included and the arbiter (NJR) was not required to resolve any conflicting opinion. On completion of the methodological quality assessment, each manuscript was summarized and, due to the heterogeneity of reported outcomes, a thematic analysis was conducted. Thematic analysis is a process that seeks to describe the data in rich detail in order to identify, analyze, and report patterns known as themes from within the data.22 The combined data of the four studies were analyzed thematically.
Figure 1.
Flow chart of systematic search.
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; RCT, randomized controlled trial.
Findings
Thematic analysis
Summary data including characteristics of the study regarding the four studies are summarized in Table 1. The three themes identified from the data were respiratory function, quality of life, and medication use.
Respiratory function
All of the case-control studies (n=3) reported improved respiratory function to varying degrees and detailed improvements in many lung function tests including forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), oxygen saturation, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood. Although the lung function tests utilized by the researchers are a reliable method to assess respiratory function, each study reported using different tests which made any comparison of the results difficult.
Oprita et al23 report that, after 60 minutes of treatment, there was an improvement in oxygen saturation from 90% to 98% in the treatment group (n=204) as compared to the control group (n=189) improving from 94% to 97%. Similarly, the improvement in partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood for the treatment group was from 61.5 mmHg to 92 mmHg compared to 80 mmHg to 85 mmHg for the control group. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood considerably decreased in the treatment group from 58 mmHg to 38 mmHg and in the control group from 44 mmHg to 41 mmHg.
Horvath10 documented an improved respiratory function by measuring the FEV1 before and after treatment. The mean FEV1 for the treatment group (n=230) improved from 1.47±0.631 L to 1.68±0.71 L after patients were enrolled in a complex respiratory rehabilitation that included speleotherapy for a specific time period. The control group (n=151), who received climatotherapy, had an improvement from 1.64±0.61 L to 1.67±0.68 L. Nurov’s24 study reported improved immune function after speleotherapy but did not report specifically on lung function of COPD patients. Nurov concluded that patients with COPD receiving speleotherapy improved their immunological status and, as a consequence, reduced the inflammatory process particularly during exacerbations.
Quality of life
Horvath10 and Chervinskaya and Ziber11 reported speleotherapy and halotherapy (respectively) as improving the quality of life for patients suffering from COPD. Horvath reported that 90.4% of patients receiving the speleotherapy improved their clinical state in comparison to 72.8% of patients in the control group. The participants’ clinical state was scored each day by the participant and physician jointly on the basis of symptoms and complaints. The authors suggested that the improved clinical state for COPD patients improves their life quality by decreasing exacerbations, reducing hospitalization, improving physical tolerance, and reducing fatigue. Nurov24 reported that positive shifts in immunological status resulted in improved clinical symptoms, but elaboration or description of clinical symptoms were not provided.
Medication use
The use of medication was an outcome measured in two halotherapy studies. Chervinskaya and Ziber11 and Horvath10 indicated that patients were able to decrease their medications. Chervinskaya and Ziber reported that up to 50% of patients in their study were able to discontinue their inhaled corticosteroids therapy and nearly a third of participants continued their inhaled steroid therapy at reduced dosages. In Horvath’s study, medication use was recorded as a bi-level outcome with the first outcome being reduction or omission and the second outcome being an unchanged dosage. However, with 95% of participants having either reduced or omitted medication, the type of medication or dosage is not detailed.
Discussion
From this review of literature, it has become apparent that there have been very few rigorous studies published on this topic and, hence, this reduces the potential for evidence to support this therapy. It should be noted that only one randomized trial was found after an extensive search of the literature. As a result, the inclusion criteria for this review were widened to include relevant case-control studies that met all other inclusion criteria. The randomized trial by Nurov24 studied the immunological features of patients with COPD before and after speleotherapy, demonstrating increased levels of lymphocytes and increased neutrophil phagocytosis activity. When assessing the methodological quality of studies included in this review, a number of concerns were identified. Specifically, in Nurov’s study, the method of randomization appeared unclear and there was a lack of detail regarding demographic and disease related information including medications being used by participants.
Other concerns related to the studies included in this review pertain to the lack of detail in regard to the participants’ primary medical condition of either asthma or COPD and discrimination in the results between these two medical conditions. Medication information including type and dosage was also lacking in all studies. There were significant differences at baseline between treatment and control arms in the study by Oprita et al23 and the treatment group appeared to have more severe COPD. In Horvath’s5 study, the patients in the treatment group had a significantly lower FEV1 prior to the intervention than the control group. Whilst the Oprita study appears to be a well-constructed retrospective case-control study with positive results for the use of sodium chloride dry aerosols, as the investigators only assessed patients 1 hour after treatment, longer term conclusions such as quality of life would be difficult to assess.
In light of the lack of scientific evidence for the use of halotherapy in COPD, future studies need to be designed to provide the best available evidence and randomized controlled trials need to be considered. This approach would address the methodological concerns identified through this review such as participant selection bias, blinding of participants to the intervention, and the concealment of allocation to intervention or control group.
Study limitations
The limitations associated with this review were restricted by the availability of published research associated with halotherapy as a therapeutic intervention for COPD. The studies included in this review were found to have a number of methodological concerns and limited reporting of baseline data. All studies in this review lacked detail on ethical considerations such as ethical approval, processes for informed patient consent, and funding disclosure. The outcome measurements using lung function tests varied between studies and, as such, a comparison of their results was not possible.
Conclusion
For halotherapy to be considered as an evidence based therapy for people with COPD, there needs to be high quality research undertaken to fully examine the effects of this therapy and its impact on the quality of life of people with COPD.
Supplementary material
Search strategy
A systematic search of the bibliographic databases was conducted using the following search terms: COPD or “Chronic bronchitis” or Emphysema and Halotherapy* or halochamber* or spelaeo* or speleo* or cave* or salin* or “salt min*” or “potash min*” or subterraneotherap* or “vital air room” or “climat* chamber” or karst* or SaltPipe or Sopipa.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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