Abstract
The RNA helicase-like splicing factor PRP2 interacts only transiently with spliceosomes. To facilitate analysis of interactions of PRP2 with spliceosomal components, PRP2 protein was stalled in splicing complexes by two different methods. A dominant negative mutant form of PRP2 protein, which associates stably with spliceosomes, was found to interact directly with pre-mRNAs, as demonstrated by UV-crosslinking experiments. The use of various mutant and truncated pre-mRNAs revealed that this interaction requires a spliceable pre-mRNA and an assembled spliceosome; a 3' splice site is not required. To extend these observations to the wild-type PRP2 protein, spliceosomes were depleted of ATP; PRP2 protein interacts with pre-mRNA in these spliceosomes in an ATP-independent fashion. Comparison of RNA binding by PRP2 protein in the presence of ATP or gamma S-ATP showed that ATP hydrolysis rather than mere ATP binding is required to release PRP2 protein from pre-mRNA. As PRP2 is an RNA-stimulated ATPase, these experiments strongly suggest that the pre-mRNA is the native co-factor stimulating ATP hydrolysis by PRP2 protein in spliceosomes. Since PRP2 is a putative RNA helicase, we propose that the pre-mRNA is the target of RNA displacement activity of PRP2 protein, promoting the first step of splicing.
Full text
PDF![888](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f585/394888/9821ebac5e91/emboj00052-0160.png)
![889](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f585/394888/28cf2a4f0e96/emboj00052-0161.png)
![890](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f585/394888/7148d3b382f7/emboj00052-0162.png)
![891](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f585/394888/fd8b45f6ba75/emboj00052-0163.png)
![892](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f585/394888/9cbc6b1e5945/emboj00052-0164.png)
![893](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f585/394888/f15993734982/emboj00052-0165.png)
![894](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f585/394888/baa9c55f8222/emboj00052-0166.png)
![895](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f585/394888/f6f7708d03ef/emboj00052-0167.png)
![896](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f585/394888/ea6d91b77bd7/emboj00052-0168.png)
![897](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f585/394888/607d0b6f576f/emboj00052-0169.png)
Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Abramson R. D., Dever T. E., Lawson T. G., Ray B. K., Thach R. E., Merrick W. C. The ATP-dependent interaction of eukaryotic initiation factors with mRNA. J Biol Chem. 1987 Mar 15;262(8):3826–3832. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Baldari C., Murray J. A., Ghiara P., Cesareni G., Galeotti C. L. A novel leader peptide which allows efficient secretion of a fragment of human interleukin 1 beta in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 1987 Jan;6(1):229–234. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04743.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bringmann P., Appel B., Rinke J., Reuter R., Theissen H., Lührmann R. Evidence for the existence of snRNAs U4 and U6 in a single ribonucleoprotein complex and for their association by intermolecular base pairing. EMBO J. 1984 Jun;3(6):1357–1363. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01977.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Burgess S. M., Guthrie C. A mechanism to enhance mRNA splicing fidelity: the RNA-dependent ATPase Prp16 governs usage of a discard pathway for aberrant lariat intermediates. Cell. 1993 Jul 2;73(7):1377–1391. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90363-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Burgess S., Couto J. R., Guthrie C. A putative ATP binding protein influences the fidelity of branchpoint recognition in yeast splicing. Cell. 1990 Mar 9;60(5):705–717. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90086-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chen J. H., Lin R. J. The yeast PRP2 protein, a putative RNA-dependent ATPase, shares extensive sequence homology with two other pre-mRNA splicing factors. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Nov 11;18(21):6447–6447. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.21.6447. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Company M., Arenas J., Abelson J. Requirement of the RNA helicase-like protein PRP22 for release of messenger RNA from spliceosomes. Nature. 1991 Feb 7;349(6309):487–493. doi: 10.1038/349487a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Couto J. R., Tamm J., Parker R., Guthrie C. A trans-acting suppressor restores splicing of a yeast intron with a branch point mutation. Genes Dev. 1987 Jul;1(5):445–455. doi: 10.1101/gad.1.5.445. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Datta B., Weiner A. M. Genetic evidence for base pairing between U2 and U6 snRNA in mammalian mRNA splicing. Nature. 1991 Aug 29;352(6338):821–824. doi: 10.1038/352821a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Eckstein F. Nucleoside phosphorothioates. Annu Rev Biochem. 1985;54:367–402. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.54.070185.002055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Green M. R. Biochemical mechanisms of constitutive and regulated pre-mRNA splicing. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1991;7:559–599. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cb.07.110191.003015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Guthrie C. Messenger RNA splicing in yeast: clues to why the spliceosome is a ribonucleoprotein. Science. 1991 Jul 12;253(5016):157–163. doi: 10.1126/science.1853200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hashimoto C., Steitz J. A. U4 and U6 RNAs coexist in a single small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Apr 11;12(7):3283–3293. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.7.3283. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hausner T. P., Giglio L. M., Weiner A. M. Evidence for base-pairing between mammalian U2 and U6 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. Genes Dev. 1990 Dec;4(12A):2146–2156. doi: 10.1101/gad.4.12a.2146. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Herskowitz I. Functional inactivation of genes by dominant negative mutations. Nature. 1987 Sep 17;329(6136):219–222. doi: 10.1038/329219a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jackson R. J. The ATP requirement for initiation of eukaryotic translation varies according to the mRNA species. Eur J Biochem. 1991 Sep 1;200(2):285–294. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16184.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kenan D. J., Query C. C., Keene J. D. RNA recognition: towards identifying determinants of specificity. Trends Biochem Sci. 1991 Jun;16(6):214–220. doi: 10.1016/0968-0004(91)90088-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kim S. H., Lin R. J. Pre-mRNA splicing within an assembled yeast spliceosome requires an RNA-dependent ATPase and ATP hydrolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Feb 1;90(3):888–892. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.3.888. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kim S. H., Smith J., Claude A., Lin R. J. The purified yeast pre-mRNA splicing factor PRP2 is an RNA-dependent NTPase. EMBO J. 1992 Jun;11(6):2319–2326. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05291.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- King D. S., Beggs J. D. Interactions of PRP2 protein with pre-mRNA splicing complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Nov 25;18(22):6559–6564. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.22.6559. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lawson T. G., Lee K. A., Maimone M. M., Abramson R. D., Dever T. E., Merrick W. C., Thach R. E. Dissociation of double-stranded polynucleotide helical structures by eukaryotic initiation factors, as revealed by a novel assay. Biochemistry. 1989 May 30;28(11):4729–4734. doi: 10.1021/bi00437a033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lee M. G., Lane D. P., Beggs J. D. Identification of the RNA2 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast. 1986 Mar;2(1):59–67. doi: 10.1002/yea.320020105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lin R. J., Lustig A. J., Abelson J. Splicing of yeast nuclear pre-mRNA in vitro requires a functional 40S spliceosome and several extrinsic factors. Genes Dev. 1987 Mar;1(1):7–18. doi: 10.1101/gad.1.1.7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lin R. J., Newman A. J., Cheng S. C., Abelson J. Yeast mRNA splicing in vitro. J Biol Chem. 1985 Nov 25;260(27):14780–14792. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lossky M., Anderson G. J., Jackson S. P., Beggs J. Identification of a yeast snRNP protein and detection of snRNP-snRNP interactions. Cell. 1987 Dec 24;51(6):1019–1026. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90588-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Madhani H. D., Guthrie C. A novel base-pairing interaction between U2 and U6 snRNAs suggests a mechanism for the catalytic activation of the spliceosome. Cell. 1992 Nov 27;71(5):803–817. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90556-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mattaj I. W. RNA recognition: a family matter? Cell. 1993 Jun 4;73(5):837–840. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90265-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Merrick W. C. Mechanism and regulation of eukaryotic protein synthesis. Microbiol Rev. 1992 Jun;56(2):291–315. doi: 10.1128/mr.56.2.291-315.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Newman A. J., Norman C. U5 snRNA interacts with exon sequences at 5' and 3' splice sites. Cell. 1992 Feb 21;68(4):743–754. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90149-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Newman A., Norman C. Mutations in yeast U5 snRNA alter the specificity of 5' splice-site cleavage. Cell. 1991 Apr 5;65(1):115–123. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90413-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Parker R., Siliciano P. G., Guthrie C. Recognition of the TACTAAC box during mRNA splicing in yeast involves base pairing to the U2-like snRNA. Cell. 1987 Apr 24;49(2):229–239. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90564-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pause A., Sonenberg N. Mutational analysis of a DEAD box RNA helicase: the mammalian translation initiation factor eIF-4A. EMBO J. 1992 Jul;11(7):2643–2654. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05330.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pikielny C. W., Rosbash M. Specific small nuclear RNAs are associated with yeast spliceosomes. Cell. 1986 Jun 20;45(6):869–877. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90561-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pikielny C. W., Rymond B. C., Rosbash M. Electrophoresis of ribonucleoproteins reveals an ordered assembly pathway of yeast splicing complexes. 1986 Nov 27-Dec 3Nature. 324(6095):341–345. doi: 10.1038/324341a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Plumpton M., McGarvey M., Beggs J. D. A dominant negative mutation in the conserved RNA helicase motif 'SAT' causes splicing factor PRP2 to stall in spliceosomes. EMBO J. 1994 Feb 15;13(4):879–887. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06331.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ray B. K., Lawson T. G., Kramer J. C., Cladaras M. H., Grifo J. A., Abramson R. D., Merrick W. C., Thach R. E. ATP-dependent unwinding of messenger RNA structure by eukaryotic initiation factors. J Biol Chem. 1985 Jun 25;260(12):7651–7658. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reich C. I., VanHoy R. W., Porter G. L., Wise J. A. Mutations at the 3' splice site can be suppressed by compensatory base changes in U1 snRNA in fission yeast. Cell. 1992 Jun 26;69(7):1159–1169. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90637-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rhoads R. E. Cap recognition and the entry of mRNA into the protein synthesis initiation cycle. Trends Biochem Sci. 1988 Feb;13(2):52–56. doi: 10.1016/0968-0004(88)90028-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rozen F., Edery I., Meerovitch K., Dever T. E., Merrick W. C., Sonenberg N. Bidirectional RNA helicase activity of eucaryotic translation initiation factors 4A and 4F. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Mar;10(3):1134–1144. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.3.1134. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rymond B. C., Rosbash M. Cleavage of 5' splice site and lariat formation are independent of 3' splice site in yeast mRNA splicing. Nature. 1985 Oct 24;317(6039):735–737. doi: 10.1038/317735a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rymond B. C., Torrey D. D., Rosbash M. A novel role for the 3' region of introns in pre-mRNA splicing of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Dev. 1987 May;1(3):238–246. doi: 10.1101/gad.1.3.238. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sawa H., Abelson J. Evidence for a base-pairing interaction between U6 small nuclear RNA and 5' splice site during the splicing reaction in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Dec 1;89(23):11269–11273. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.23.11269. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sawa H., Shimura Y. Association of U6 snRNA with the 5'-splice site region of pre-mRNA in the spliceosome. Genes Dev. 1992 Feb;6(2):244–254. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.2.244. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schmid S. R., Linder P. D-E-A-D protein family of putative RNA helicases. Mol Microbiol. 1992 Feb;6(3):283–291. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01470.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schwer B., Guthrie C. A conformational rearrangement in the spliceosome is dependent on PRP16 and ATP hydrolysis. EMBO J. 1992 Dec;11(13):5033–5039. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05610.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schwer B., Guthrie C. A dominant negative mutation in a spliceosomal ATPase affects ATP hydrolysis but not binding to the spliceosome. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Aug;12(8):3540–3547. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.8.3540. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schwer B., Guthrie C. PRP16 is an RNA-dependent ATPase that interacts transiently with the spliceosome. Nature. 1991 Feb 7;349(6309):494–499. doi: 10.1038/349494a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Siliciano P. G., Brow D. A., Roiha H., Guthrie C. An essential snRNA from S. cerevisiae has properties predicted for U4, including interaction with a U6-like snRNA. Cell. 1987 Aug 14;50(4):585–592. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90031-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Siliciano P. G., Guthrie C. 5' splice site selection in yeast: genetic alterations in base-pairing with U1 reveal additional requirements. Genes Dev. 1988 Oct;2(10):1258–1267. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.10.1258. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Steitz J. A. Splicing takes a holliday. Science. 1992 Aug 14;257(5072):888–889. doi: 10.1126/science.1386941. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Strauss E. J., Guthrie C. A cold-sensitive mRNA splicing mutant is a member of the RNA helicase gene family. Genes Dev. 1991 Apr;5(4):629–641. doi: 10.1101/gad.5.4.629. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Séraphin B., Kandels-Lewis S. 3' splice site recognition in S. cerevisiae does not require base pairing with U1 snRNA. Cell. 1993 May 21;73(4):803–812. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90258-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thach R. E. Cap recap: the involvement of eIF-4F in regulating gene expression. Cell. 1992 Jan 24;68(2):177–180. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90461-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wassarman D. A., Steitz J. A. Interactions of small nuclear RNA's with precursor messenger RNA during in vitro splicing. Science. 1992 Sep 25;257(5078):1918–1925. doi: 10.1126/science.1411506. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wassarman D. A., Steitz J. A. RNA splicing. Alive with DEAD proteins. Nature. 1991 Feb 7;349(6309):463–464. doi: 10.1038/349463a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Whittaker E., Beggs J. D. The yeast PRP8 protein interacts directly with pre-mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1991 Oct 25;19(20):5483–5489. doi: 10.1093/nar/19.20.5483. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wu J. A., Manley J. L. Base pairing between U2 and U6 snRNAs is necessary for splicing of a mammalian pre-mRNA. Nature. 1991 Aug 29;352(6338):818–821. doi: 10.1038/352818a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wu J., Manley J. L. Mammalian pre-mRNA branch site selection by U2 snRNP involves base pairing. Genes Dev. 1989 Oct;3(10):1553–1561. doi: 10.1101/gad.3.10.1553. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wyatt J. R., Sontheimer E. J., Steitz J. A. Site-specific cross-linking of mammalian U5 snRNP to the 5' splice site before the first step of pre-mRNA splicing. Genes Dev. 1992 Dec;6(12B):2542–2553. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.12b.2542. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zhuang Y., Weiner A. M. A compensatory base change in U1 snRNA suppresses a 5' splice site mutation. Cell. 1986 Sep 12;46(6):827–835. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90064-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zhuang Y., Weiner A. M. A compensatory base change in human U2 snRNA can suppress a branch site mutation. Genes Dev. 1989 Oct;3(10):1545–1552. doi: 10.1101/gad.3.10.1545. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]