Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics of 226 Adolescent Participants, Ages 13–18 years, and Their Parents
| Variable | Normal Hearing (n = 54) | Unilateral HL (n = 63) | Bilateral HL (n = 109) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 15.6 (1.7) | 15.0 (1.6) | 15.4 (1.7) |
| Female, n (%) | 26 (48.1%) | 28 (44.4%) | 51 (46.8%) |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | |||
| White | 45 (83.3%) | 55 (87.3%) | 89 (81.7%) |
| African American | 4 (7.4%) | 4 (6.3%) | 7 (6.4%) |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 3 (5.6%) | 2 (3.2%) | 4 (3.7%) |
| Native American/Alaska Native | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.9%) |
| Latino or Hispanic | 3 (5.6%) | 2 (3.2%) | 7 (6.4%) |
| Mixed or “other” | 2 (3.7%) | 2 (3.2%) | 8 (7.3%) |
| Family income, n (%) | |||
| <$10,000 | 2 (3.8%) | 4 (6.6%) | 5 (4.6%) |
| $10,000–$25,000 | 4 (7.5%) | 5 (8.2%) | 11 (10.2%) |
| $25,001–$40,000 | 1 (1.9%) | 4 (6.6%) | 6 (5.6%) |
| $40,001–$60,000 | 6 (11.3%) | 6 (9.8%) | 10 (9.3%) |
| $60,001–$80,000 | 3 (5.7%) | 8 (13.1%) | 14 (13.0%) |
| $80,001–$100,000 | 7 (13.2%) | 4 (6.6%) | 15 (13.9%) |
| Over $100,000 | 19 (35.8%) | 23 (37.7%) | 28 (25.9%) |
| No response | 11 (20.8%) | 7 (11.5%) | 19 (17.6%) |
| Maternal education level, n (%) | |||
| < High school diploma | 0 (0%) | 4 (6.3%) | 4 (3.7%) |
| Completed high school/GED | 6 (11.1%) | 12 (19.0%) | 22 (20.2%) |
| Some college/associate’s degree | 10 (18.5%) | 13 (20.6%) | 27 (24.8%) |
| College/bachelor’s degree | 21 (38.9%) | 16 (25.4%) | 33 (30.3%) |
| Postgraduate/advanced degree | 17 (31.5%) | 18 (28.6%) | 23 (21.1%) |
| Paternal education level, n (%) | |||
| < High school diploma | 2 (3.7%) | 7 (11.3%) | 6 (5.5%) |
| Completed high school/GED | 7 (13.0%) | 12 (19.4%) | 26 (23.9%) |
| Some college/associate’s degree | 9 (16.7%) | 14 (22.6%) | 27 (24.8%) |
| College/bachelor’s degree | 15 (27.8%) | 12 (19.4%) | 21 (19.3%) |
| Postgraduate/advanced degree | 21 (38.9%) | 16 (25.8%) | 28 (25.7%) |
| Missing | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.6%) | 1 (0.9%) |
| Severity of HL, n (%) | |||
| Mild | - | 6 (9.5%) | 11 (10.1%) |
| Moderate | - | 16 (25.4%) | 39 (35.8%) |
| Severe | - | 22 (34.9%) | 30 (27.5%) |
| Profound | - | 18 (28.6%) | 29 (26.6 %) |
| Missing | - | 1 (1.6%) | - |
| Insurance status, n (%) | |||
| Private | 49 (90.7%) | 47 (74.6%) | 76 (69.7%) |
| Public/Medicaid | 4 (7.4%) | 12 (19.0%) | 20 (18.3%) |
| Both private and public | 1 (1.9%) | 4 (6.3%) | 12 (11.0%) |
| None/unknown | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.9%) |
| Parent’s marital status, n (%) | |||
| Never married | 5 (9.3%) | 3 (4.8%) | 9 (8.3%) |
| Married and remarried | 44 (81.5%) | 45 (71.4%) | 80 (73.4%) |
| Divorced/separated | 5 (9.3%) | 11 (17.5%) | 20 (18.3%) |
HL, hearing loss; SD, standard deviation; GED, general equivalency degree