Abstract
The cloning and molecular characterization of the GCS1 gene from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae show that stationary phase is in fact a unique developmental state, with requirements to resume cell proliferation that can be distinct from those for maintenance of proliferation. Deletion of the GCS1 gene products a novel phenotype: stationary-phase mutant cells do not resume proliferation at a restrictive temperature of 15 degrees C, but mutant cells lacking Gcs1p that are proliferating at the permissive temperature of 29 degrees C continue to proliferate after transfer to 15 degrees C as long as nutrients are available. The GCS1 gene sequence predicts a 39 kDa polypeptide with a novel 'Zn-finger' motif. A point mutation within the finger motif produces a phenotype that mimics that of deletion of the GCS1 gene, showing that the finger motif is essential for full Gcs1p activity. Gcs1p and the products of two newly identified genes, SPS18 and GLO3, constitute a family of novel Zn-finger proteins.
Full text
PDF









Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Araki H., Awane K., Ogawa N., Oshima Y. The CDC26 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for cell growth only at high temperature. Mol Gen Genet. 1992 Jan;231(2):329–331. doi: 10.1007/BF00279807. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Archambault J., Drebot M. A., Stone J. C., Friesen J. D. Isolation and phenotypic analysis of conditional-lethal, linker-insertion mutations in the gene encoding the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Gen Genet. 1992 Apr;232(3):408–414. doi: 10.1007/BF00266244. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Banta L. M., Vida T. A., Herman P. K., Emr S. D. Characterization of yeast Vps33p, a protein required for vacuolar protein sorting and vacuole biogenesis. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Sep;10(9):4638–4649. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.9.4638. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Boorstein W. R., Craig E. A. Transcriptional regulation of SSA3, an HSP70 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Jun;10(6):3262–3267. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.6.3262. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Craig E. A., Jacobsen K. Mutations in cognate genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae hsp70 result in reduced growth rates at low temperatures. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Dec;5(12):3517–3524. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.12.3517. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Craig E. A., Jacobsen K. Mutations of the heat inducible 70 kilodalton genes of yeast confer temperature sensitive growth. Cell. 1984 Oct;38(3):841–849. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90279-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Devereux J., Haeberli P., Smithies O. A comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Jan 11;12(1 Pt 1):387–395. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.1part1.387. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dingwall C., Laskey R. A. Nuclear targeting sequences--a consensus? Trends Biochem Sci. 1991 Dec;16(12):478–481. doi: 10.1016/0968-0004(91)90184-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drebot M. A., Barnes C. A., Singer R. A., Johnston G. C. Genetic assessment of stationary phase for cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol. 1990 Jul;172(7):3584–3589. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.7.3584-3589.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drebot M. A., Johnston G. C., Singer R. A. A yeast mutant conditionally defective only for reentry into the mitotic cell cycle from stationary phase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Nov;84(22):7948–7952. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.22.7948. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drebot M. A., Veinot-Drebot L. M., Singer R. A., Johnston G. C. Induction of yeast histone genes by stimulation of stationary-phase cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Dec;10(12):6356–6361. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.12.6356. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Filipak M., Drebot M. A., Ireland L. S., Singer R. A., Johnston G. C. Mitochondrial DNA loss by yeast reentry-mutant cells conditionally unable to proliferate from stationary phase. Curr Genet. 1992 Dec;22(6):471–477. doi: 10.1007/BF00326412. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Finley D., Ozkaynak E., Varshavsky A. The yeast polyubiquitin gene is essential for resistance to high temperatures, starvation, and other stresses. Cell. 1987 Mar 27;48(6):1035–1046. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90711-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hartwell L. H. Macromolecule synthesis in temperature-sensitive mutants of yeast. J Bacteriol. 1967 May;93(5):1662–1670. doi: 10.1128/jb.93.5.1662-1670.1967. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hartwell L. H. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. Bacteriol Rev. 1974 Jun;38(2):164–198. doi: 10.1128/br.38.2.164-198.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Herman P. K., Emr S. D. Characterization of VPS34, a gene required for vacuolar protein sorting and vacuole segregation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Dec;10(12):6742–6754. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.12.6742. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hill J. E., Myers A. M., Koerner T. J., Tzagoloff A. Yeast/E. coli shuttle vectors with multiple unique restriction sites. Yeast. 1986 Sep;2(3):163–167. doi: 10.1002/yea.320020304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hinnebusch A. G. Involvement of an initiation factor and protein phosphorylation in translational control of GCN4 mRNA. Trends Biochem Sci. 1990 Apr;15(4):148–152. doi: 10.1016/0968-0004(90)90215-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jensen R., Sprague G. F., Jr, Herskowitz I. Regulation of yeast mating-type interconversion: feedback control of HO gene expression by the mating-type locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 May;80(10):3035–3039. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.10.3035. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johnston G. C., Pringle J. R., Hartwell L. H. Coordination of growth with cell division in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Exp Cell Res. 1977 Mar 1;105(1):79–98. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(77)90154-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johnston S. A., Hopper J. E. Isolation of the yeast regulatory gene GAL4 and analysis of its dosage effects on the galactose/melibiose regulon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Nov;79(22):6971–6975. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.22.6971. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kawakami K., Shafer B. K., Garfinkel D. J., Strathern J. N., Nakamura Y. Ty element-induced temperature-sensitive mutations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1992 Aug;131(4):821–832. doi: 10.1093/genetics/131.4.821. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ko L. J., Engel J. D. DNA-binding specificities of the GATA transcription factor family. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Jul;13(7):4011–4022. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.7.4011. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koleske A. J., Buratowski S., Nonet M., Young R. A. A novel transcription factor reveals a functional link between the RNA polymerase II CTD and TFIID. Cell. 1992 May 29;69(5):883–894. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90298-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Merika M., Orkin S. H. DNA-binding specificity of GATA family transcription factors. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Jul;13(7):3999–4010. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.7.3999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nakayama N., Arai K., Matsumoto K. Role of SGP2, a suppressor of a gpa1 mutation, in the mating-factor signaling pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Dec;8(12):5410–5416. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.12.5410. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nelson R. J., Ziegelhoffer T., Nicolet C., Werner-Washburne M., Craig E. A. The translation machinery and 70 kd heat shock protein cooperate in protein synthesis. Cell. 1992 Oct 2;71(1):97–105. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90269-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nicolet C. M., Craig E. A. Isolation and characterization of STI1, a stress-inducible gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Sep;9(9):3638–3646. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.9.3638. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Novick P., Osmond B. C., Botstein D. Suppressors of yeast actin mutations. Genetics. 1989 Apr;121(4):659–674. doi: 10.1093/genetics/121.4.659. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ogas J., Andrews B. J., Herskowitz I. Transcriptional activation of CLN1, CLN2, and a putative new G1 cyclin (HCS26) by SWI4, a positive regulator of G1-specific transcription. Cell. 1991 Sep 6;66(5):1015–1026. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90445-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Omichinski J. G., Trainor C., Evans T., Gronenborn A. M., Clore G. M., Felsenfeld G. A small single-"finger" peptide from the erythroid transcription factor GATA-1 binds specifically to DNA as a zinc or iron complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Mar 1;90(5):1676–1680. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.5.1676. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Orkin S. H. GATA-binding transcription factors in hematopoietic cells. Blood. 1992 Aug 1;80(3):575–581. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Penn M. D., Thireos G., Greer H. Temporal analysis of general control of amino acid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: role of positive regulatory genes in initiation and maintenance of mRNA derepression. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Mar;4(3):520–528. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.3.520. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reijo R. A., Cho D. S., Huffaker T. C. Deletion of a single-copy tRNA affects microtubule function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1993 Dec;135(4):955–962. doi: 10.1093/genetics/135.4.955. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Riles L., Dutchik J. E., Baktha A., McCauley B. K., Thayer E. C., Leckie M. P., Braden V. V., Depke J. E., Olson M. V. Physical maps of the six smallest chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a resolution of 2.6 kilobase pairs. Genetics. 1993 May;134(1):81–150. doi: 10.1093/genetics/134.1.81. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rothstein R. Targeting, disruption, replacement, and allele rescue: integrative DNA transformation in yeast. Methods Enzymol. 1991;194:281–301. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(91)94022-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rowley A., Singer R. A., Johnston G. C. CDC68, a yeast gene that affects regulation of cell proliferation and transcription, encodes a protein with a highly acidic carboxyl terminus. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Nov;11(11):5718–5726. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.11.5718. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rubin G. M. Preparation of RNA and ribosomes from yeast. Methods Cell Biol. 1975;12:45–64. doi: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60951-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schultz J., Carlson M. Molecular analysis of SSN6, a gene functionally related to the SNF1 protein kinase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Oct;7(10):3637–3645. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.10.3637. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sikorski R. S., Hieter P. A system of shuttle vectors and yeast host strains designed for efficient manipulation of DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1989 May;122(1):19–27. doi: 10.1093/genetics/122.1.19. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Singer R. A., Bedard D. P., Johnston G. C. Bud formation by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is directly dependent on "start". J Cell Biol. 1984 Feb;98(2):678–684. doi: 10.1083/jcb.98.2.678. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Slater M. R., Craig E. A. The SSB1 heat shock cognate gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Jun 26;17(12):4891–4891. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.12.4891. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Storms R. K., Ord R. W., Greenwood M. T., Mirdamadi B., Chu F. K., Belfort M. Cell cycle-dependent expression of thymidylate synthase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Dec;4(12):2858–2864. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.12.2858. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thompson C. M., Koleske A. J., Chao D. M., Young R. A. A multisubunit complex associated with the RNA polymerase II CTD and TATA-binding protein in yeast. Cell. 1993 Jul 2;73(7):1361–1375. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90362-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Toh-e A., Sahashi Y. The PET18 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a complex locus containing multiple genes. Yeast. 1985 Dec;1(2):159–171. doi: 10.1002/yea.320010204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Werner-Washburne M., Braun E., Johnston G. C., Singer R. A. Stationary phase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Rev. 1993 Jun;57(2):383–401. doi: 10.1128/mr.57.2.383-401.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Woychik N. A., Young R. A. RNA polymerase II subunit RPB4 is essential for high- and low-temperature yeast cell growth. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Jul;9(7):2854–2859. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.7.2854. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]