Prognostic role of phospho-PRAS40 (Thr246) expression in gastric cancer

Abstract

Introductions

Phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 (phosphorylated proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kilodaltons at Thr246) is a biomarker for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway activation and AKT inhibitors sensitivity.

Material and methods

In this study, we immunohistochemically investigated the expression of phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 in 141 gastric cancer tumors, and evaluated its clinicopathological and prognostic significance.

Results

Sixty-four cases (45.4%) were defined as phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 positive. Phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 correlated positively with lymph node metastasis, lymphatic infiltration, vascular infiltration and shorter survival. Furthermore, phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 is an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 was frequently expressed in gastric cancers, and correlated with malignant progression and poor prognosis of patients. PI3K pathway-targeted therapies should be considered in the future treatment of gastric cancers.

Introduction

Gastric carcinoma remains one of the most common digestive malignancies in the world, especially in Asia, including China [1]. Radical surgical resection with adequate lymph node dissection is the only curative treatment for localized gastric cancer; currently available adjuvant chemotherapies have limited effects on survival. Therefore, novel specific agents that successfully target specific “oncopathways” in cancers are also being considered in the treatment of gastric cancer.

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is frequently activated in human tumors including gastric cancer, which is usually caused by mutations in tumor suppressor gene PTEN or p110-a catalytic subunit of PI3K, or triggered by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) signaling [2–4]. It has been speculated that activation of the PI3K pathway plays a crucial role in the process of cancer development and maintenance [5]. Therefore, this pathway might be an attractive target for cancer therapy. Accordingly, small-molecule inhibitors targeting PI3K and other components of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways are currently under active clinical development [6]. However, currently used biomarkers for measuring PI3K pathway activation and predicting the efficacy of its inhibitors are inadequate, which limits the utility of PI3K pathway inhibitors in the personalized treatment of cancer [7].

Most recently, Andersen et al. measured the phosphoprotein modification in specific proteins accompanying PI3K pathway activation, and identified phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 is a useful biomarker to measure PI3K pathway activation and predict AKT inhibitor sensitivity in multiple cancers [8]. Furthermore, compared with other epitopes, phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 is highly stable in tissue samples and thus is ideal for detection by immunohistochemistry [8].

Several previous studies have reported the expression of phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 in various human cancers [9–11]. However, the expression of phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 in gastric cancer, especially as a novel biomarker for PI3K pathway activation and inhibitor response, has not been investigated.

Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 in gastric cancer and evaluate its clinicopathological and prognostic significance, and to further evaluate which subgroup of patients with gastric cancer would benefit from therapies targeting the PI3K pathway.

Material and methods

Patients and specimens

One hundred and forty-one patients with histologically confirmed gastric adenocarcinoma were retrospectively collected in this study. All patients underwent radical gastrectomy with lymph node dissection at Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, China and Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, China between January 2006 and May 2008. Patients undergoing neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy were not included. All the patients received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy based on leucovorin and 5-FU. The pathological tumor staging was determined by the TNM classification, and historical grading of each cancer tissue was performed according to the WHO criteria. Tumor histologies were classified into the differentiated type (papillary, well or moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, well-differentiated mucinous carcinoma) and the undifferentiated type (poorly or undifferentiated adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma and poorly differentiated mucinous carcinoma). The study was approved by our local ethics committees.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Immunohistochemistry was performed using the streptavidin-biotin complex method. Rabbit mAb against phospho-PRAS40 (Thr246) (Cell Signaling, C77D7) was used as a primary antibody at a working dilution of 1: 100. Briefly, 4 µm thick formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections were deparaffinized in xylene and hydrated in graded alcohols. After antigen retrieval in 0.01 M citrate buffer (pH 6.0), the endogenous peroxidase activity of specimens was blocked by 0.3% H₂O₂ for 10 min at room temperature. Sections were incubated with the primary antibody at 4°C overnight, then were washed three times and treated with secondary antibody at room temperature for 2 h. After washing, the specimens were treated with ABC reagent (Dako), followed by color development with DAB and counterstaining with haematoxylin. Negative controls were carried out by substituting normal serum for the primary antibody, and the positive controls were human breast adenocarcinoma tissues. Immunostaining results were evaluated based upon the percentage of visible cancer cells that stained positive. According to the criteria established in the previous studies, cases with the percentage of positively staining cells greater than 10% were defined as positive.

Western blot

Frozen tissues of 6 primary gastric carcinoma knowing IHC results (3 IHC positive and 3 negative) were homogenised in lysis buffer. Immunodetection was done with the same antibody used in immunohistochemistry analysis (at 1: 1000 dilutions) with an enhanced chemiluminescence system (Amersham). The membrane was stripped and reblotted with β-actin antibody (Santa Cruz Biotech) at 1: 1000 dilutions as a control.

Statistical analysis

The association between phospho-PRAS40 Thr 246 and clinicopathological parameters was assessed using Student's t test or χ² test where appropriate. The overall survival (OS) time was defined as the interval between resection and death or date last known alive. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to estimate overall survival, and differences were determined by the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was carried out using the Cox regression method. Values of p < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 13.0 software.

Results

We detected the expression of phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 in primary gastric cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Figure 1 shows the results of Western blot analysis, corresponding to those of immunohistochemistry. In gastric cancer specimens, phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 staining was observed in the cytoplasm of cancer cells; occasionally membranous staining was also observed. No positive staining was identified in the surrounding stroma (Figure 2). According to the criteria specified, 64 of 141 tumors (45.4%) were defined as phospho-PRAS40^Thr246-positive.

Figure 1.

Results of immunohistochemical analysis corresponding to those of Western blot analysis

Figure 2.

Immunoreactivity for phospho-PRAS40Thr246 in gastric cancer tissues: A – positive expression, B – negative expression

The correlation between the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with gastric cancer and the status of phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 expression is summarized in Table I. Lymph node metastases were significantly greater in the phospho-PRAS40^Thr246-positive group than in the negative group (79.7% vs. 59.7%, p = 0.011). Moreover, phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 expression was also significantly higher in the tumors with positive lymphatic or vascular infiltration than those without lymphatic or vascular infiltration (78.1% vs. 54.5%, p = 0.003; 68.8% vs. 50.6%, p = 0.028, respectively). However, phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 expression did not correlate with age, gender, depth, stage, or histology (Table II).

Table I.

Correlation between expression of phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 and clinical factors

Clinical factors	Expression of phospho-PRAS40Thr246		Value of p
	Positive (n = 64)	Negative (n = 77)
Age [year]
< 65	47	54	0.664
≥ 65	17	23
Gender
Male	42	53	0.686
Female	22	24
Depth
T1/T2	9	18	0.162
T3/T4	55	59
Lymph node metastasis
Yes	51	46	0.011
No	13	31
Histology
Differentiated	33	45	0.413
Undifferentiated	31	32
TNM stage
1/2	24	26	0.645
3/4	40	51
Lymphatic infiltration
Yes	50	42	0.003
No	14	35
Vascular vessel infiltration
Yes	44	39	0.028
No	20	38

Table II.

Univariate and multivariate analysis with regard to overall survival

Parameter	Univariate analysis	Multivariate analysis
	Value of p	Value of p	RR (95% CI)
Age [years]
< 65 vs. ≥ 65	0.650	0.457	1.188 (0.755–1.868)
Gender
Male vs. female	0.531	0.642	1.115 (0.706–1.760)
Depth
T1/T2 vs. T3/T4	0.123	0.065	0.540 (0.281–1.039)
Lymph node metastasis
Yes vs. no	< 0.001	< 0.001	3.597 (1.875–6.902)
Histology
Differentiated vs.undifferentiated	0.303	0.579	1.119 (0.753–1.664)
TNM stage
1/2 vs. 3/4	0.006	0.187	1.375 (0.857–2.205)
Vascular infiltration
Yes vs. no	0.035	0.109	1.495 (0.914–2.447)
Lymphatic vessel infiltration
Yes vs. no	0.041	0.995	1.002 (0.616–1.628)
Phospho-PRAS40Thr246
Positive vs. negative	< 0.001	0.004	1.883 (1.231–2.880)

Table II shows the results of univariate and multivariate analyses of factors related to patients’ prognosis. Univariate analysis showed that the phospho-PRAS40^Thr246-positive group had significantly poorer survival than the negative group (p < 0.001) (Figure 3). Furthermore, multivariate analysis indicated that phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 expression was one of the independent prognostic factors of overall survival for the patients with gastric cancer (p = 0.004).

Figure 3.

Overall survival curves in different groups of phospho-PRAS40Thr246 expression (p = 0.001, by log-rank analysis)

Discussion

This present study immunohistochemically investigated the expression of phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 in gastric cancer. We found that more than half of the primary gastric cancers demonstrated positive phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 expression, and its expression correlated with lymph node metastasis and venous invasion, but not with other clinicopathological factors. Furthermore, phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 expression predicted poor prognosis, and is a novel prognostic factor for patients with gastric cancers.

Proline-rich Akt substrate (PRAS40) is a 40 kDa substrate of Akt, and is also a negative regulator of mTOR and Akt activity. Activated Akt phosphorylates PRAS40 on threonine 246, which in turn permits mTOR phosphorylation and activation [10, 11]. Nascimento et al. [12] indicated that phosphorylation of PRAS40 on Thr246 by Akt facilitates efficient phosphorylation of Ser183 by mTORC1. Increased PRAS40 phosphorylation has been associated with rising Akt activity in multiple cancer cells. Recently, phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 has been further identified to be a biomarker for general PI3K pathway activation and predicts AKT inhibitor sensitivity, which further broadens its utility in the classification of cancer patients [8]. Several clinical studies have investigated the expression of phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 in human cancers. For example, Cloughesy et al. [13] showed that induction of phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 is significantly associated with shorter time to progression in PTEN-deficient glioblastoma patients. McBride et al. [14] identified that there was a trend towards decreased survival in low-grade glioma patients expressing phospho-PRAS40^Thr246. These findings were consistent with our results in gastric cancer. For the first time, in this study, the clinicopathological significance of phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 as a biomarker for general PI3K pathway activation was reported. Our findings are consistent with prior research emphasizing the value of clinical data in perioperative risk stratification, and further support the idea that PI3K inhibitors should be effective for the treatment of gastric cancer.

Considering the role of phospho-PRAS40^Thr246 as a biomarker for pathway activation and AKT inhibitors sensitivity, our results indicated that the PI3K pathway would be frequently activated in gastric cancer, and a significant proportion (about 50%) of patients with poor prognosis might benefit from Akt inhibitors. We suggest that therapeutic strategies targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway could be considered in the future treatment of gastric cancer. Furthermore, p-PRAS40^Thr246 could also be used as a novel biomarker for the prognosis and classification of patients with gastric cancer.