Table 2.

Association between chemokines and the outcome of human malaria infections

Chemokine	Production during infection	Association	Reference
CXCL8	Increased in the serum and plasma of patients with severe malaria	Serum CXCL8 levels were shown to correlate with parasite density	(Burgmann et al. 1995; Lopera-Messa et al. 2012)
	Increased in the CSF of children with CM	CSF CXCL8 levels were independently predictive of CM mortality	(Armah et al. 2007; John et al. 2008a, b)
	Increased in the placentae of women with PM	Placental CXCL8 levels were associated with placental monocyte infiltration and adverse pregnancy outcomes	(Abrams et al. 2003)
CXCL9	Increased in the plasma of patients with severe malaria	Serum CXCL9 levels were shown to correlate with parasite density	(Ayimba et al. 2011)
	Increased in the placentae and peripheral blood of women with PM	Placental CXCL9 levels were negatively associated with low birth weight	(Muehlenbachs et al. 2007; Dong et al. 2012)
CCL5 (RANTES)	Reduced in the serum of patients with severe malaria	Reduced RANTES levels were associated with suppression of erythropoiesis and thrombocytopenia	(Ochiel et al. 2005; Were et al. 2006)
	Increased mRNA expression in brain samples from CM patients	Not determined	(Sarfo et al. 2004)
CCL4	Increased in the plasma of children with CM	Not determined	(Jain et al. 2008)
	Increased in the CSF of children with CM	CSF CCL4 levels were independently predictive of CM mortality	(Armah et al. 2007)
	Increased in the placentae of women with PM	Placental plasma CCL4 levels were associated with low birth weight	(Abrams et al. 2003; Muehlenbachs et al. 2007)
CXCL10	Increased in the serum and plasma of children with CM	Circulating IP-10 levels were independently associated with CM mortality	(Armah et al. 2007; Jain et al. 2008; Wilson et al. 2011)
	Increased in the CSF of children with CM	Not determined	(Armah et al. 2007)
	Increased in the placentae and peripheral blood of women with PM	Not determined	(Muehlenbachs et al. 2007; Boström et al. 2012)
CCL2	Increased in the placentae and peripheral blood of women with PM	Placental CCL2 levels were associated with placental monocyte infiltration	(Abrams et al. 2003; Dong et al. 2012)
CCL3	Increased in the placentae and peripheral blood of women with PM	Placental and peripheral blood CCL3 levels were associated with placental monocyte infiltration	(Abrams et al. 2003)
CXCL13	Increased in the placentae and peripheral blood of women with PM	Placental CXCL13 levels negatively correlated with low birth weight	(Muehlenbachs et al. 2007; Dong et al. 2012)
CXCL16	Increased in the placentae of women with PM	Not determined	(Muehlenbachs et al. 2007)